1. External Structures and Function of the Human Brain

2. Cerebral Hemispheres STRUCTURE
-Largest part of the brain
-Large paired structures, divided into left and right hemispheres.
-The top layer is called the cerebral cortex, the rest is referred to as the cerebrum.
-The cerebrum is divided up into 4 main lobes.
Cerebral
Hemispheres
Cerebral cortex is part of the cerebrum, it’s the outer layer.
Cerebral cortex is gray matter, while the cerebrum is both gray and white matter.
Human cerebral cortex is made up of approximately 10 billion nerve cell bodies and their dendrites whereas the cerebrum has both cell bodies and nerve fibers.
FUNCTION -Carries out higher thought processes involved with language, learning, memory, and voluntary body movements

3. Cerebellum STRUCTURE -Means “little brain”
-Smaller structure under the base at the back of the brain 
Also divided into two hemispheres
Cerebellum
FUNCTION
-Responsible for balance and coordination 

4. Brain Stem STRUCTURE -Extends from the base of the brain
-Continues into the spinal cord, made up of the pons and medulla oblongata 
Brain Stem
FUNCTION
-Relays signals between the brain and spinal cord 

5. PONS PONS STRUCTURE -Top region of the brain stem FUNCTION
-Relays signals between cerebrum and cerebellum
-Helps control breathing rate 
PONS

6. Medulla Oblongata STRUCTURE -Beneath the pons
-Lower portion of the brainstem
-Connects to the spinal cord 
FUNCTION
-Relays signals between the brain and the spinal cord
-Helps control blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate
Medulla Oblongata

7. Lobes of the Brain

8. Frontal Lobe Frontal FUNCTION
Conscious thought, behavior, emotion, planning, personality, organizing, problem solving. Most uniquely human of all the brain structures. Front of the brain
Frontal

9. Prefrontal Cortex! (PFC)
This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior.
Cognitive = knowing
Frontal Eye Fields = Broodman’s area (voluntary eye movement)

10. Parietal Lobe FUNCTION
Integrations of sensory information from primary sensory areas , perception, arithmetic, spelling, manipulation of objects. Middle top of the brain. 

11. Temporal Lobe FUNCTION
Senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes, memory, understanding language. Temple region. 

12. Occipital Lobe FUNCTION Sense of sight Extreme back of the brain

13. Internal Structures and Function of the Human Brain

14. Corpus Callosum LOCATION
Beneath the cerebrum. About 10 cm long. Largest white matter structure.
FUNCTION
Allows for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.
About 200 million axons!

15. Thalamus
LOCATION
Beneath the Corpus Callosum, near the center of the brain.
FUNCTION
Acts as a gateway/relay of sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

16. Hypothalamus LOCATION
Near the base of the cerebrum, below the thalamus.
FUNCTION
Connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. Communicates and directs the pituitary gland.

17. Pituitary Gland LOCATION A protrusion off of the hypothalamus.
FUNCTION
Part of the endocrine system. Responsible for regulation of other parts of the endocrine system as well as many of the body’s processes.

18. Amygdala = fear responses & pleasure
Hippocampus = turns information into memory