1. EMEP intensive measurements
Experience from and outlook for
Wenche Aas

2. Objective of intensive measurements
Study temporal and spatial variation of PM and PM constituents in Europe, their sources and formation mechanisms, and for model validation.
To underpin the EMEP monitoring programme
not realistic to require full daily chemical speciation or continuous measurements 365 days a year.
Coordinate and harmonise the research campaigns and monitoring efforts in Europe

3. Sites and measurments

4. PM10 June 2006
PM10 Jan 2007
PM2.5 Jan 2007
PM2.5 June 2006
PM2.5 june 2006

5. Challenges to combine all the information
Chemical speciation in many sizes, but not always mass measurements for the same sizes
PM mass at many sites and sizes, but not necessary chemical speciation
Different species for speciation. Inorganic at several, EC/OC at some, mineral dust at only two
Data completeness are varying. Missing data is a problem when comparing averages
Different methods
Are these data comparable?

6. Inconsistency and incomparability
EC/OC, TC or OM are sometimes corrected and sometimes not. Not known what temperature programme is used.
Size distribution –different size bins and methods (SMPS;DMPS;TDMPS;LASX) and maybe not used recommended calibration procedures etc (jf EUSAAR recommendations)
Data reported will not be used in the present form
Bias of NO3, NH4 from filters without knowing the artefact (only IT01)
Online inorganic measurements not necessarily comparable to filter
Sometimes PM10> PM2.4 > PM1.0( mass or speciation) How to deal with this?

7. NO3 in PM2.5 > in PM10 ?
GB48, Auchencorth Moss

8. AMS and Digitel at CH02
Conclusion: Use SO4 from filters and NH4 and NO3 from AMS??

9. SO2 at GB36 (Harwell)

10. NO3 in PM2.5 at GB36

11. Carbonaceous material in PM2.5 corrected for positive artefacts.
New: Defined two different OC and TC in the EMEP database:
Organic_carbon (OC) and organic_carbon_corrected (OCp).
Important to report which method used (QBQ, Teflon..)

12. Artefact in gas/particle for N
IT01, Jan 2007
Underestimation of N
IT01, June 2007

13. Problems regarding reporting of data
Only in excel (no common format)
Different units are used (e.g mgS/m3, mgSO4/m3, ppm), and not always clear which one has been used.
Chemical speciation in which size (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1) are not always clearly specified.
Method not always specified.
Combined data sets instead of components (i.e sea salt, mineral dust, sum N)
Some data reported in parallel to other programmes, i.e EUSAAR, EMEP,CAMP, HELCOM…

14. How to improve for next period
Clear guidelines of which measurements are needed/wanted
Harmonised measurement methods, especially needed for EC/OC –use reference
Data reporting in harmonised format, either as NASA AMES or special excel macro
Data ownership might be an issue when this is combined with EUCAARI
Better spatial distribution of the more advanced measuremnts

15. Next campaign EMEP/EUCAARI
17 Sep – 16 Oct 2008 and 25 Feb – 26 Mar 2009
Mass closure (inorganic, crustal, EC/OC) in PM2.5 and PM10 . Daily or hourly
Aerosol size distributions
Inorganic gas concentrations (HNO3, NH3)
Attempts to quantify aerosol water
Attempts to quantify the OC/OM ratio
Separation of organic aerosol into
primary vs. secondary and
biogenic vs. anthropogenic components (e.g. levoglucosane, 14C);
Vertical profiles (Earlinet)

16. Harmonised method for EC/OC:
For quantification:
EUSAAR 2 temperature protocol
For sampling:
apply a QBQ set up.
This very simple approach assessable for all the sites
It is not an optimal approach, e.g. it does not provide an estimate for the negative artifact.
However, it is the only feasible approach since only a few sites have a denuder available, and as there is no agreement regarding which sorbent should be used.

17. Centralised analysis possible:
EC/OC (~ 60 € per sample)
NILU and Lund use the agreed temp protocol. Sampling should be done using the QBC approach
Mineral dust ( € per sample)
NERI & Lund apply PIXE from cellulose esters/polycarbonate filters
CNR apply XRF from Teflon filters
Levoglucosan (~ 150 € per sample)
NILU can analyse this -Quartz or Teflon filters (to be harmonised)
14C of TC (~ 500 € per sample)
PSI and Lund can analyse this – quartz filter only

18. Draft overview of sites

19. ..and their measurements

20. Possible contribution of EARLINET to the 2008-2009 intensive field campaigns
EARLINET: is a European lidar network providing aerosol profiles
27 sites distributed across Europe reported data in 2006.
20 sites have equipment giving backscatter coefficient profile, extinction coefficient profile, optical depth (columnar quantity), lidar ratio profile, aerosol depolarization ratio
7 stations provide only profiles with backscatter coefficients
Regular observations for all sites (when there are no instrumental problems):
1 daytime measurements per week on Monday (around 1400 local solar Time)
2 measurements per week on Monday and Thursday (2 hours around the sunset)
Additional measurements are performed for Calipso correlative measurements.
Therefore ideally each station, provide a basic dataset of about 15 measurements over a period of 1 month.
Supported by EARLINET-ASOS, which is an EC Integrated Activity
EARLINET was established in February, 2000 as a research project supported by the European Commission. After the end of the EC-project EARLINET continues to operate as a voluntary association of research institutions with specific interest in atmospheric aerosol research. The network is supported by EARLINET-ASOS, which is an EC Integrated Activity implemented as Coordination Action. Ideally measurements are performed at 3 times per day, 2 days per week.
27 sites reported data in 2006.

21. Possible contribution of EARLINET to the 2008-2009 intensive field campaigns
EMEP stations
The blue circle: 200 km radius of an EMEP station
7 EARLINET stations within 200 km radius of an EMEP site
coincident EARLINET-EMEP station
3 EARLINET stations with h24 operation
other EARLINET stations
EMEP sites indicated at the map: (Dette skulled et vært, og er basert på en liste jeg har fått av deg, men jeg ser at noen av de mangler, får ikke gjort noe med det nå. 
AT002 Illmitz
CH0001 Jungfraujoch
CH0002 Payerne
CZ0003 Kozetice
DK0041 Lille Valby
DE0044 Melpitz
ES0017 Montseny
FI0050 Hyytiälä
FI0096 Pallas
FR0030 Puy de Dôme
GB0040 Auchencorth Moss
GB0030 Harwell
GR0002 Finokalia
HU0002 K-Puzta
IE0031 Mace Head
IT0001 Montelibretti
IT0004 Ispra
NL0011 Cabauw
NO0001 Birkenes
SE001 Vavihill

22. Possible contribution of EARLINET to the 2008-2009 intensive field campaigns
For the intensive campaigns: motivate the lidar stations
Located within the circles to perform devoted measurements: Neuchatel, Lausanne, L’Aquila, Naples,
Barcelona, Leipzig and Bilthoven.
Athens, Potenza and Maisach (close to Munich) could be involved
The EMEP site in Greece will have a lidar comparison point
Maisach station is in the middle between two cluster of EMEP stations
Potenza could provide important information about the microphysical aerosol properties of the Saharan dust coming into continental Europe.
Ispra, Hamburg and Cabauw: equipped with automated 24 h operational lidars
This gives a maximum of 13 EARLINET stations that might be involved in the campaign with additional measurements.
Information flow through GEOMON
NOTE: lidars are not automatic. It is a big effort to provide measurements and to evaluate them. A compromise between efforts and benefits has to be reached and will be decisive for the sites involved in the campaigns.
the eventually EARLINET contribution is research-driven and not mandatory
the scientific interest in the integration between the EMEP and EARLINET will be important

23. Summary
The last intensive measurement periods contributed with new type of data for the EMEP community
challenge for QA/QC, comparability, data reporting
BUT very valuable –peer review papers will be written
Upcoming measurement periods
Learn from experience and make it more easy for our self. This will lead to better quality and faster data delivery
Feedback from the parties needed on what they will measure
Sampling and reporting protocols will be distributed
Increaed cooperation with other programmes and projects: EUCAARI, EUSAAR and EARLINET