1. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ
FLIGHT THEORY
Konu: 6. Navigation
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2. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
The simplest and most accurate reduced representation of earth is a
globe, which retains the spherical shape of the earth and displays the various
oceans, continents, cities, and so on. A cumbersome globe is not the
ideal navigation tool to have in a cockpit or to carry in a navigation bag,
especially if detailed information is required, hence the need for maps or
charts that can be folded and stowed away. The task of the “map-maker”
or cartographer is to project a picture of a reduced-earth globe onto a flat
surface and make a map or chart from this.
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3. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
Airports and Airport Operations
Visual Navigation Fundamentals
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Radar & ADS-B
The VOR
Airspace
Flight Planning
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4. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
Radio Frequencies
Communications boxes shown on sectional charts indicate frequencies to be used. At
airports with operating control towers, you should use the control tower frequency. At
airports without operating control towers, you should use the common traffic advisory
frequency (CTAF), which may be:
• the FSS advisory frequency at airports without control towers but with FSS;
• the control tower frequency if there is a control tower, but it is not attended (in
which case there may be no wind or runway-in-use information available, and you
would have to use the UNICOM to obtain this information);
• the UNICOM frequency if there is no tower or FSS (UNICOM is a nongovernment
frequency); or
• MULTICOM MHz if there is no tower, FSS or UNICOM.
When inbound to or outbound from an airport without an operating control tower,
you should communicate your position and monitor traffic on the CTAF within a
10-mile radius of the airport.
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5. NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ ©
Navigation Facilities
Navigation facilities shown on sectionals include VORs, VORTACs, VOR/DMEs, and
NDBs. NDBs are surrounded by a small circle lightly shaded with magenta-colored
dots. VORs, VORTACs and VOR/DMEs are shown in blue, and have a large compass
rose aligned with magnetic north centered on them to help in plotting radials where
necessary.
The direction of true north is indicated by the meridians of longitude, and the
angle between this and magnetic north on the VOR compass rose depends on the
magnetic variation in that area.
Information on each radio facility is shown nearby in a NAVAID information box.
The hazardous in-flight weather advisory service (HIWAS) is available on NAVAID frequencies
whose information box has a white H in a solid circle symbol in its upper right
corner. Transcribed en route weather broadcasts (TWEB) are available if a white T in a
solid-circle symbol appears in the upper right-hand corner of the information box.
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