1. to recall, to retrieve information from NS
Memory
ability
to accept information
to store
to recall, to retrieve information from NS

2. Memory vs learning
Engram
Memory is not homogeneous
Duration, persistence
Brain structures
Molecular mechanisms

3. Molecular mechanisms
Posttetanic potentiation (short term potentiation)
Long term potentiation LTP

4. Posttetanic potentiation
A hight rate of stimulation of the presynaptic neuron
A gradual increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential
Postsynaptic potential increases in size = potentiation
The enhancement in the strength of the synapse represents storage of information about previous activity
It can lasts minutes but can persist for an hour.
An elementary form of memory

5. Posttetanic potentiation
Large Ca2+ influx. Saturation of the various Ca2+ buffering systems (ER, mitochondia)
Temporary excess of Ca2+ is called residual Ca2+.
Concentration of free Ca2+ affects the amount of transmitter released

6. Long term potentiation LTP

7. NMDA – glutamate receptor

8. Long term potentiation LTP
Glutamate synapse

9. Long term potentiation LTP
Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger (NO)

10. Long term potentiation LTP
Presynaptic part
retrograde messenger (nitric oxide)
Postsynaptic part
NO initiate an enhancement of transmitter release that contributes to LTP

11. Long term potentiation LTP
Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors
retrograde messenger (NO)
New synapses

12. Temporal phases of memory (based on different biological mechanisms)

13. Iconic (visual) echoic (auditory) – reflect the activity of sensory buffers, continuation of sensory neural activity
Short-term memories – last for seconds up to a minutes
Intermediate-term memory – for hours or days
Long-term memory – weeks, months, years, for the rest of the life of an organism (permanent memory)
Working memory (short-term or intermediate-term) – is limited by the use of information

15. Memory storage in stages
Retrograde amnesia
A person who has been knocked unconscious selectively loses memory for events that occured before the blow
This supports a model of
Memory storage in stages

16. A scheme of memory processes that includes encoding, consolidation and retrieval

17. Long term memory
Pacient H.M.

18. H.M. was taught to trace between two outlines of a star while viewing his hand in a mirror

20. Regions of the human brain that have been implicated in the formulation of long-term declarative memories.
A lateral view of the brain shows the levels of the transverse sections
Cross sections in two levels

21. Explicit memory is stored in association cortex
Explicit knowledge involves at least four distinct processes:
Encoding - incoming information must be perceived
Consolidation – newly stored information is labile, to make it more stable (expression of genes, structural changes
Storage- to retain over time, almost unlimited capacity
Retrieval – to bring different kinds of information together, it is constructive process, subject to distortion

22. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Episodic
Store events autobiographical
Semantic
Non
associative
Associative learning

23. Epizodic-like memory test

24. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
Non
associative
Associative learning

25. Morris water maze

26. Blue velvet arena

27. Epizodic-like memory test

28. Long term memory classification
Declarative
Explicit
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
Non-
associative
No relation between two or more stimuli, behavior and its consequence are not related to.
Associative learning
Habituation
Sensitization
Imprinting

29. Long term memory
nondeclarative
nonassociateve
Habituation

30. Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve Sensitization
Imprinting

31. Long term memory Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic
Nondeclarative
Implicit
Epizodic
Store events autobiografic
Semantic
Store facts
neasociativní
associative learning – relation between stimulus-response two or more stimuli, events,
behavior – its consequence
Long term memory
classical conditioning
instrumental, operant conditioning (standard or motor learning)
conditioned taste aversion
priming

32. Classical conditioning
Ivan Petrovič Pavlov

33. Classical conditioning
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington

34. Standard operant conditioning

35. Standard operant conditioning

36. Priming

37. Priming
ABSENT
INCOME
FILLY
DISCUSS
CHEESE
ELEMENT

38. Priming

39. Priming (ovlivnění odhadu)
ABS
INC
FIL
DIS
CHE
ELE