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2. Bell Ringer
10.01 What are some parts/organs of the respiratory system? What other organ system does the respiratory system work closely with?
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3. I. Introduction Major functions of respiratory system
1. supply body with O2 for cellular respiration
2. dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
a. Respiratory and circulatory system are closely coupled
3. Also functions in olfaction and speech
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4. B. Respiration involves four processes controlled by two systems 1
B. Respiration involves four processes controlled by two systems 1. Respiratory System a. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) i. movement of air into and out of lungs b. External respiration i. exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
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5. a. Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood b. Internal respiration
2. Circulatory System
a. Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
b. Internal respiration
i. exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood vessels and tissues
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6. C. Major organs 1. Upper Respiratory a. Nose and nasal cavity
b. Paranasal sinuses
c. Pharynx
2. Lower Respiratory
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Bronchi and branches
d. Lungs and alveoli
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7. II. Upper Respiratory System
A. The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
1. Nose is the only external portion of the respiratory system
a. Functions of nose
i. Provides an airway for respiration
ii. Moistens and warms entering air
iii. Filters and cleans inspired air
iv. Serves as resonating chamber for speech
v. Houses olfactory receptors
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8. b. External nose i. Formed by bone and hyaline cartilage ii
b. External nose i. Formed by bone and hyaline cartilage ii. Includes the root, bridge, apex (tip), and nostrils c. Nasal cavity i. Found within the external nose ii. Divided into left and right sides by nasal septum iii. Lined with hair and mucous that filter coarse and fine particles from inspired air iv. Nasal conchae are mucosa-covered projections that protrude from each wall of nasal cavity
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9. Figure 22.2a The external nose.
Epicranius,
frontal belly
Root and bridge
of nose
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Naris (nostril)
Surface anatomy
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10. Figure 22.2b The external nose.
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Maxillary bone
(frontal process)
Lateral process of
septal cartilage
Minor alar cartilages
Dense fibrous
connective tissue
Major alar
cartilages
External skeletal framework
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11. Figure 22.3a The nasal cavity.
Posterior
nasal
aperture
Sphenoidal
sinus
Cribriform
plate of
ethmoid bone
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
• Nasal vestibule
• Nostril
Uvula
Soft
palate
Tongue
Hard
palate
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12. Figure 22.3b The nasal cavity.
Olfactory
epithelium
Olfactory
nerves
Nasal cavity
• Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
• Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Tubal tonsil
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tube
Uvula
Soft
palate
Hard
palate
Nasal
vestibule
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13. 2. Paranasal sinuses a. Form ring around nasal cavities i
2. Paranasal sinuses a. Form ring around nasal cavities i. Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones b. Functions i. Lighten skull ii. Secrete mucus iii. Help to warm and moisten air
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14. B. The Pharynx 1. Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus 2. Composed of skeletal muscle
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15. 3. Three regions a. Nasopharynx i
3. Three regions a. Nasopharynx i. Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity ii. Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing iii. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located on posterior wall iv. Pharyngotympanic tubes (auditory tubes) drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls
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16. Figure 22.4a The pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Regions of the pharynx
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17. i. Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
b. Oropharynx
i. Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
ii. Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls
iii. Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
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18. i. Passageway for food and air ii. Posterior to upright epiglottis
c. Laryngopharynx
i. Passageway for food and air
ii. Posterior to upright epiglottis
iii. Extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
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19. Figure 22.4b The pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea.
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasopharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsil
• Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Oropharynx
Hard palate
• Palatine tonsil
Soft palate
• Isthmus of the
fauces
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Vestibular fold
• Thyroid cartilage
Esophagus
• Vocal fold
• Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Thyroid gland
(b) Structures of the pharynx and larynx
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20. Bell Ringer
10.03 What is internal respiration? What are two primary functions of the nose?
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21. III. Lower Respiratory System
Lower respiratory system consists of:
1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
2. Broken into two zones
a. Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange
i. Consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
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22. i. Includes all other respiratory structures
b. Conducting zone: conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
i. Includes all other respiratory structures
ii. Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
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23. B. The Larynx 1. Larynx (voice box) attaches to hyoid bone a
B. The Larynx 1. Larynx (voice box) attaches to hyoid bone a. Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea 2. Three functions of larynx: a. Provides open airway b. Routes air and food into proper channels c. Voice production i. Houses vocal folds
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24. 3. Epiglottis a. Consists of elastic cartilage (not hyaline) b
3. Epiglottis a. Consists of elastic cartilage (not hyaline) b. Covers laryngeal opening during swallowing
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25. Body of hyoid bone Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Figure 22.5a The larynx.
Body of hyoid bone
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Sternal head
Sterno-
cleidomastoid
Clavicular head
Clavicle
Jugular notch
Surface view
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26. Cricothyroid ligament
Figure 22.5b The larynx.
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal ligament
Tracheal
cartilages
Anterior view
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27. 4. Vocal folds a. Vocal ligaments form core of vocal folds i
4. Vocal folds a. Vocal ligaments form core of vocal folds i. true vocal cords 5. Glottis a. opening between vocal folds b. Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
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28. 6. Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) a. No part in sound production
b. Help to close glottis during swallowing
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29. Corniculate cartilage
Figure 22.5c The larynx.
Epiglottis
Hyoid
bone
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Corniculate cartilage
Thyroid
cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Glottis
Tracheal cartilages
Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx,
posterior view
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30. Corniculate cartilage Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Figure 22.5d The larynx.
Epiglottis
Thyrohyoid
membrane
Body of hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cuneiform cartilage
Fatty pad
Corniculate cartilage
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Arytenoid cartilage
Arytenoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Tracheal cartilages
Cricotracheal ligament
Sagittal section (anterior on the right)
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31. Figure 22.6 Movements of the vocal folds.
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal folds in closed position;
closed glottis
Vocal folds in open position;
open glottis
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32. C. The Trachea 1. Trachea (windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
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33. 2. Wall composed of three layers a. Mucosa
i. ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
b. Submucosa
i. connective tissue with C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
c. Adventitia
i. outermost layer made of connective tissue
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34. Figure 22.7a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Posterior
Mucosa
Esophagus
Submucosa
Trachealis
Lumen of
trachea
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
Cross section
of the trachea
and esophagus
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35. Figure 22.7b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Goblet cell
Mucosa •
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium •
Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Submucosa
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Photomicrograph of the
tracheal wall (320)
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36. Figure 22.7c Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Scanning electron micrograph of cilia
in the trachea (2500)
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37. D. The Bronchi and Subdivisions 1
D. The Bronchi and Subdivisions 1. Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching a. Branching referred to as bronchial tree b. From tips of bronchial tree: i. Conducting zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures
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38. 2. Conducting zone structures a
2. Conducting zone structures a. Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi i. Each main bronchus enters hilum of one lung b. Each main bronchus then branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi i. Three on right and two on left ii. Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
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39. c. Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi i
c. Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi i. Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly ii. Branches become smaller and smaller d. Bronchioles i. less than 1 mm in diameter e. Terminal bronchioles i. smallest of all branches i. Less than 0.5 mm in diameter
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40. Figure 22.8 Conducting zone passages.
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Superior lobe
of right lung
Lobar (secondary)
bronchus
Segmental
(tertiary)
bronchus
Middle lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of left lung
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41. 3. Respiratory zone structures a
3. Respiratory zone structures a. Begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles i. lead into alveolar ducts ii. finally into alveolar sacs b. Alveolar sacs contain clusters of alveoli i. ~300 million alveoli make up most of lung volume ii. Sites of actual gas exchange
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42. Figure 22.9a Respiratory zone structures.
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
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43. Figure 22.9b Respiratory zone structures.
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveolar
pores
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
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44. Figure 22.10a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
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45. Figure 22.10b Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Scanning electron micrograph of pulmonary
capillary casts (300)
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46. Figure 22.10c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Red blood cell
Nucleus of type I
alveolar cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary O2
Capillary
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Endothelial cell nucleus
Alveolus
Alveolar epithelium
Respiratory
membrane
Fused basement membranes
of alveolar epithelium and
capillary endothelium
Capillary endothelium
Alveoli (gas-filled
air spaces)
Red blood cell
in capillary
Type II alveolar cell
(secretes surfactant)
Type I
alveolar cell
Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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47. Bell Ringer
10.05 Where is the voice box located? What is the purpose of the C shaped cartilages in the trachea? What are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree called?
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48. IV. Lungs and Pleurae Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
1. Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
a. Hilum
i. found on mediastinal surface
ii. site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
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49. a. Left lung: separated into two lobes
2. Lungs are divided
a. Left lung: separated into two lobes
i. Smaller than right because of position of heart
b. Right lung: separated into three lobes
i. ALL lobes separated by fissure
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50. Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Figure 22.11a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Intercostal muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Lung
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Trachea
Thymus
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Horizontal fissure
Right middle lobe
Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Cardiac notch
Base of lung
Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
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51. Photograph of medial view of the left lung.
Figure 22.11b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Apex of lung
Pulmonary
artery
Left
superior lobe
Left main
bronchus
Oblique
fissure
Pulmonary
vein
Left inferior
lobe
Cardiac
impression
Hilum of lung
Oblique
fissure
Aortic
impression
Lobules
Photograph of medial view of the left lung.
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52. • Left pulmonary artery Parietal pleura • Left pulmonary vein
Figure 22.11c Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Posterior
Vertebra
Root of lung
at hilum
Right lung
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
Parietal pleura
• Left pulmonary vein
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Sternum
Anterior
Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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53. c. Each lobe further divided into bronchopulmonary segments i
c. Each lobe further divided into bronchopulmonary segments i. Each segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus ii. If one segment is diseased, it can be individually removed d. Lobules i. smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; hexagonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches
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54. i. Makes lungs very elastic and spongy
3. Lungs are mostly composed of alveoli; the rest consists of stroma (elastic connective tissue)
i. Makes lungs very elastic and spongy
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55. Figure 22.12 A cast of the bronchial tree.
Right lung
Left lung
Right
superior
lobe (3
segments)
Left superior
lobe
(4 segments)
Right
middle
lobe (2
segments)
Right
inferior lobe
(5 segments)
Left inferior
lobe
(5 segments)
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56. B. The Pleurae 1. Pleurae is a thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum a. Parietal pleura b. Visceral pleura
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57. 2. Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae a
2. Pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae a. Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
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58. Bell Ringer
10.08 Through which side of the lungs do vessels and bronchi enter? What are the smallest visible subdivisions of the lungs called? What is the name of the protective membrane that covers the lungs?
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59. VI. Gas Exchange and Transport
Gas exchange occurs between lungs and blood as well as blood and tissues
1. External respiration
a. diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
2. Internal respiration
a. diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
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60. 1. Molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways:
B. Oxygen Transport
1. Molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways:
a. 1.5% is dissolved in plasma
b. 98.5% is loosely bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs
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61. C. Carbon Dioxide Transport 1
C. Carbon Dioxide Transport 1. CO2 is transported in blood in three forms: a. 7 to 10% is dissolved in plasma as PCO2 b. 20% of CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin c. 70% is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma
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