1. Ecology

2. Habitats
An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow and reproduce from its environment.
An ______________ is a living thing.
A _______________ is a place that an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce.
What is a frog’s habitat? A squirrel’s?
Can one area have many habitats?
organism
habitat

3. Habitats

4. Living and Non-Living Bio means life
What does Biology mean?
What does Biotic mean?
Non living things are called Abiotic.
Water, Sun, Soil,
Oxygen, Temperature
Do we need abiotic factors?
Photosynthesis

5. Levels of Organization

6. Species- A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
Population-a group of the same kind of species living in an area
Community- all the different populations that live together in an area
Ecosystem- a community plus abiotic factors

7. Levels of Organization

8. Levels of Organization

9. Studying Populations What is an estimate? Direct Observation
Counting each member of a population
Indirect Observation
Counting evidence or traces of a population
Sampling
Counting the number of a population in a small area to estimate the number in the whole habitat
Mark-and-Recapture
Catching some, tagging/marking them, recapture and count how many tagged/marked

10. Studying Populations What method am I using if …
I dig up and count each worm in the football field?
I count how many worms are in 1 square yard and use that information to estimate the total number of worms in the entire football field?
I look for birds nests?
Capture birds, put a tag on them, and then come back later to catch them again and see how many are tagged?

11. Changes in Population Size
What is the main way new organisms join a population?
What is the main way they leave?
Moving In Moving Out/Exit
Immigration Emigration

12. Population Density
How many members of a population are in an area at one time.

13. Limiting Factors Causes a population to stop growing or get smaller
What are some limiting factors?
Food, water, space, weather conditions
Carrying Capacity
The largest population an area can support

14. Interactions Among Living Things

15. Adapting to the Environment
Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions.
The place where an organism lives is called...
Natural Selection- process in which a species becomes better suited to its environment
Adaptation-characteristic that allows a species to live successfully in its environment.
Niche– the way that an organism “makes its living”
Organisms have their own niche in the environment

16. Three major types of Interactions
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis

17. Competition
The struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources is called competition.
Organisms compete for food, water, and space.
Organisms that are specialized (eg. only eat one kind of food) can avoid competition.

18. Predation An interaction in which one organism kills and eats another
Organism that does the killing is the Predator
Organism that is killed is the prey
Predation helps keep populations steady
When the population of prey increases the predator population will increase as well and vice versa

19. Adaptations Predator Prey Sharks have sharp teeth to kill prey
Cheetah has speed to catch prey
Prey
Snowshoe hare in the Tundra is camouflage to hide from predators
King snake has similar coloring to the venomous Coral snake

20. Symbiosis
a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one species
Mutualism: both species benefit
Commensalism: one benefits, the other is unaffected
Parasitism: one benefits, the other is harmed
The organism that benefits is called a parasite
The organism it lives on or in is called a host

21. Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

22. Mutualism

23. Changes in Communities

24. Succession
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time.
Two types
Primary
Secondary

25. Primary Succession
Series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist
New land formed from a volcano
Area uncovered by snow or ice
First species to populate are called pioneer species
Mosses and lichens
animation

26. Secondary Succession
Series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but soil and organisms still exist.
Fire, Flood, Hurricane
Logging, Farming, Mining
Faster or Slower?
Faster because there is already soil and some organisms
The species that develop and die off in a particular area will depend on the climate

27. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Food Chains and Food Webs

28. Energy Roles The original source of energy is the sun
Producer—makes its own food
Plants, algae, some bacteria—Photosynthesis
Consumer—gets energy by eating other organisms
Herbivore (plants), Carnivore (meat), Omnivore (both), scavenger (dead organisms)
Decomposer—gets energy by breaking down wastes and the remains of dead organisms which returns raw materials to the enviornment
Bacteria and fungi are decomposers

29. Food Chains A series of events in which one organism eats another
Producers are the source of all the food
Producer First level Second Level Third Level
Consumer Consumer Consumer

30. Food Web
Many overlapping food chains
Practice

31. Energy Pyramid
Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
Most energy available at the bottom
Less and less as you move up
This is why most food webs only have three or four feeding levels and there are fewer organisms at the top

34. Why are there fewer Third level (Tertiary) Consumers?

35. The study of where organisms live
Biogeography
The study of where organisms live

36. Continental Drift Continents moving slowly over time
One factor that has affected how species are distributed across the earth

37. Dispersal Movement of organisms from one place to another Caused by
Wind
Water
Living things

38. Wind
Seeds
Small organisms
Spores

39. Water
Things that float
Small organisms

40. Other living things Birds Dogs People Kudzu; exotic species
Brought from China to prevent erosion
Now it is taking over and killing trees it grows on.
What type of relationship do the trees and Kudzu have?

41. Limits to Dispersal Physical Barriers Competition Climate
Water, Mountains, and deserts
Competition
Compete for resources with species that are already there
Climate
Can a palm tree live in Michigan?