1. Cont. with Interspecific relationships

2. Predation
Involves a carnivore (+) which hunts, kills & eats another animal (-).

3. Predation
Involves a carnivore (+) which hunts, kills & eats another animal (-).
Over short term, predators may influence prey numbers.

4. Predation
Involves a carnivore (+) which hunts, kills & eats another animal (-).
Over short term, predators may influence prey numbers.
Over very long term, predators and prey can influence eachother’s evolution – adaptations for hunting, and avoiding being eaten.

5. Predator strategies Belonging in a group can increase food intake:
- Locating food. When food is hard to find but abundant, group foraging pays off. The ‘cost’ of sharing is small.

6. Predator strategies Belonging in a group can increase food intake:
Locating food. When food is hard to find but abundant, group foraging pays off. The ‘cost’ of sharing is small.
Catching food in groups.

7. Predator strategies Belonging in a group can increase food intake:
Locating food. When food is hard to find but abundant, group foraging pays off. The ‘cost’ of sharing is small.
Catching food in groups.
(Eg – lions can kill a wildebeest without injury as a pack)

8. Predator strategies Some predators combine a snare with a lure.
(Eg – NZ glow worm)

9. Mimicry Some predators obtain food by deception
(Eg – the cleaner wrasse removes parasites from the gills of other fish. The sabretooth blenny has a similar colour pattern and bites chunks out of the other fishes gills! Naughty Blenny fish!

10. Prey defences – group living
Greater vigilance – relying on speed for escape = need warning of a predator.

11. Prey defences – group living
Greater vigilance – relying on speed for escape = need warning of a predator.
Living in a group increases early detection of a predator.

12. Prey defences – group living
Greater vigilance – relying on speed for escape = need warning of a predator.
Living in a group increases early detection of a predator.
(Eg. Impala, have a good sense of smell and spend a lot of time near baboons who have great vision = combo of defence)

13. Prey defences – group living
Greater vigilance – relying on speed for escape = need warning of a predator.
Living in a group increases early detection of a predator.
(Eg. Impala, have a good sense of smell and spend a lot of time near baboons who have great vision = combo of defence)
Group = longer feeding time. Need to raise head to check. More in group = less time not feeding.

14. Prey defences – dilution effect
Larger the group – less likely any prey will fall victim.

15. Prey defences – dilution effect
Larger the group – less likely any prey will fall victim.
The presence of other prey ‘dilutes’ the effect of the predator.

16. Prey defences – dilution effect
Larger the group – less likely any prey will fall victim.
The presence of other prey ‘dilutes’ the effect of the predator.
(Eg – a group of 100 deer is not attacked 100 times more than a single animal)

17. Defences – confusion effect
Difficult for a predator to focus on one animal when there are others rushing around everywhere.

18. Defences – confusion effect
Difficult for a predator to focus on one animal when there are others rushing around everywhere.
(Eg – fish and the ‘fountain’ effect. Most schools will split into two when a predator rushes at it)

19. Defences – concealment of young
The more adults in a group, the greater protection offered to the young by hiding them.

20. Defences – concealment of young
The more adults in a group, the greater protection offered to the young by hiding them.
(EG – Female wildebeest place the young in the middle of a herd so they’re not seen by hyenas)