1. Discourse Analysis

2. Realised in communication Realised by language Realised by texts
Discourse
Definition
Common concern
Abstract
Realised in communication
Realised by language
Realised by texts

3. Discourse Definition Language use beyond sentence
Language use in contexts
Social practice

4. Language in a social-semiotic perspective
‘Social semiotic’ as a general ideology
As an intellectual stance
As conceptual angle of the subject

5. A general study of signs A study of meanings in most general sense
Semiotics
A general study of signs
A study of meanings in most general sense
Linguistics is a kind of semiotics
Culture is a set of semiotic systems, a set of systems of meanings, all of which interrelate.

6. Language (sounds, letters)
Examples
Traffic lights
Colours
Language (sounds, letters)
Interpretation of colours (salted eggs, navy blue)

7. Language as social semiotic
Used by a community
Based on convention
At all levels: word, phrase, sentence, text

8. Discourse is realised by texts Communication happens in text
Text is central to discourse analysis
What is text?

9. TEXT CULTURE Genre (Purpose) Situation Who is involved? (Tenor)
Subject matter Channel
(Field) (Mode)
Register
TEXT

10. Something is called a’ text’ when it is meaningful.
It is a semantic unit.
Something is called a’ text’ when it is meaningful.
It is spoken and written.
It is not a phonological or a graphological unit.
It occurs in a context of situation.

11. There are three elements
Context of situation
There are three elements
Subject matter (field)
Participants involved (tenor)
Channel (mode)

12. Context of culture Every culture produces text types.
A text type is a genre
Two general purposes: Transactional and Interpersonal genres
Transactional: to get something done
Interpersonal: for different purposes of communication

13. Procedure Descriptive Narrative Recount report News item Discussion
Basic English genres
Procedure
Descriptive
Narrative
Recount
report
News item
Discussion
Explanation
Exposition
Review

14. Needs linguistic analysis
Text analysis
Needs linguistic analysis
Interpretation is based on linguistic evidence
Text analysts need the right ‘knife’ to cut the right ‘bread’
Different ‘knives’ for different ‘bread’

15. Discourse analysis
How texts relate to contexts of situation and context of culture
How texts are produced as a social practice
What texts tell us about happenings, what people think, believe etc.
How texts represent ideology (power struggle etc.)

16. Text & Discourse Analyses (Nunan, 1993)
Text analysis is the study of formal linguistic devices that distinguish a text from random sentences.
Discourse analysts study these text-forming devices with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, and the context within which the discourse was created. The ultimate goal is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to communicate.

17. “the study of language in use”.
Discourse, according to Stubbs (1983:1), i
“language above the sentence or above the clause” and ‘the study of discourse is the study of any aspect of language use.
“the study of language in use”.
(Fasold1990: 65).

18. “Discourse constitutes the social
“Discourse constitutes the social. Three dimensions of the social are distinguished – knowledge, social relations, and social identity – and these correspond respectively to three major functions of language … Discourse is shaped by relations of power, and invested ideologies.” (Fairclough 1992:8)

19. Discourse analysis, in turn, is composed of a wide range of sub-disciplines, such as pragmatics, conversational analysis, speech act theory and ethnography of speaking. The discipline studies language used in the context, so its subject matter is language as a whole, either written or spoken, in terms of transcriptions, larger texts, audio or video recordings, which provides an opportunity to the analyst to work with language rather than a single sentence.

20. See the following diagram onn stratification and metafunctions
Communication
Exchange of meanings
Happens in texts
See the following diagram onn stratification and metafunctions

21. Discourse Semantic Level
CULTURAL LEVEL
Discourse Semantic Level
Textual
Interpersonal
Lexicogrammatical
Level
Ideational
Phonology/
Graphology
Level

22. Discourse semantic level Leexico-grammatical level
Stratification
Discourse semantic level
Leexico-grammatical level
Phonological / graphological level
All of these are related by realisation