2. FUNCTIONS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI

3. FUNCTIONS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI assist in the regulation of voluntary movement & the learning of motor skills initiate movement & modulation of motor cortex

5. HOW IS MOVEMENT INITIATED? BASAL NUCLEI DIRECT PATHWAY

6. BASAL NUCLEI INDIRECT PATHWAY

7. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING THE BASAL NUCLEI

8. DISORDERS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI Hyperkinetic disorderHypokinetic disorder Excessive and abnormal movementsLack or slowness of movement Result of excessive activity in dopaminergic nerve fibers Result from lack of dopamine in basal ganglia circuits e.g. athetosis, hemiballismus, choreae.g. Parkinson’s disease

9. DISORDERS OF THE BASAL NUCLEI Hyperkinetic disordersHypokinetic disorders Excessive and abnormal movementsLack or slowness of movement Result of excessive activity in dopaminergic nerve fibers Results from lack of dopamine in basal ganglia circuits e.g. athetosis, hemiballismus, choreae.g. Parkinson’s disease

10. HYPERKINETIC DISORDERS

11. CHOREA

12. patient exhibits involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular movements that are nonrepetitive Huntington’s Disease Sydenham’s Chorea

13. HUNTINGTON’s DISEASE traced to a single gene defect on chromosome 4 - encodes the protein, huntingtin - CAG codon which codes for glutamine is repeated

14. HUNTINGTON’s DISEASE an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia - caudate nuclei

15. SYDENHAM CHOREA associated with rheumatic fever streptococcal bacteria antigens are similar in structure to the proteins in the membranes of the striatal neurons

16. SYnDEHAM CHOREA associated with rheumatic fever streptococcal bacteria antigens are similar in structure to the proteins in the membranes of the striatal neurons

17. SYDENHAM CHOREA HUNTINGTON’s DISEASE

18. HYPERKINETIC DISORDER

19. HemiBallismus a form of involuntary movement confined to one side of the body the patient limbs suddenly fly about out of control in all directions lesion occurs in the opposite subthalamic nucleus or its connections

21. HYPERKINETIC DISORDER

22. ATHETOSIS consists of slow, sinuous, writhing movements that most commonly involve the distal segments of the limbs degeneration of the globus pallidus

24. HYPOKINETIC DISORDER

25. PARKINSON’s DISEASE a progressive disease of unknown cause commences between ages 45-55 years associated with neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra

26. PARKINSON’s DISEASE a progressive disease of unknown cause commences between ages 45-55 years associated with neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra

27. REFERENCES Snell, R. S. (2010). Clinical neuroanatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Thaleschou. (2015). 2-Minute Neuroscience: Basal Ganglia [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OD2KPSGZ1No