1. Volume 124, Issue 5, Pages 1325-1336 (May 2003)
Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance 
Akihiro Asakawa, Akio Inui, Hideki Yuzuriha, Naohiko Ueno, Goro Katsuura, Mineko Fujimiya, Masayuki A. Fujino, Akira Niijima¶, Michael M. Meguid, Masato Kasuga 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 124, Issue 5, Pages (May 2003)
DOI: /S (03)

2. Figure 1
(A ) Effects of IP-administered PP family peptides (3 nmol/mouse) on cumulative food intake in food-deprived lean mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. n, number of mice used. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group by Bonferroni t test. (B) Effects of IP-administered PP family peptides on cumulative food intake in food-deprived lean mice during the dark phase (IP just before lights off). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (C ) Comparison of anorexigenic effects of IP-administered PP, leptin, CART, and α-MSH. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (D) Inhibitory effects of IP-administered PP (0.3–3 nmol/mouse) on gastric emptying rates 2 and 4 hours after administration in lean mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (E ) Loss of feeding-inhibitory effect of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse) after vagotomy. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group.(F ) Effects of PP administered into the inferior vena cava and total vagotomy on efferent activity of the gastric vagal nerve in rats. A representative example of vagal efferent discharge rates in response to PP is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration (0 minutes). (G) Typical examples of the effects of PP, administered into the inferior vena cava and portal vein (ipv), on afferent activity of the hepatic vagal nerve in rats. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration (0 minutes).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

3. Figure 1
(A ) Effects of IP-administered PP family peptides (3 nmol/mouse) on cumulative food intake in food-deprived lean mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. n, number of mice used. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group by Bonferroni t test. (B) Effects of IP-administered PP family peptides on cumulative food intake in food-deprived lean mice during the dark phase (IP just before lights off). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (C ) Comparison of anorexigenic effects of IP-administered PP, leptin, CART, and α-MSH. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group. (D) Inhibitory effects of IP-administered PP (0.3–3 nmol/mouse) on gastric emptying rates 2 and 4 hours after administration in lean mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (E ) Loss of feeding-inhibitory effect of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse) after vagotomy. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group.(F ) Effects of PP administered into the inferior vena cava and total vagotomy on efferent activity of the gastric vagal nerve in rats. A representative example of vagal efferent discharge rates in response to PP is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration (0 minutes). (G) Typical examples of the effects of PP, administered into the inferior vena cava and portal vein (ipv), on afferent activity of the hepatic vagal nerve in rats. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration (0 minutes).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

4. Figure 2
(A ) Effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 8 hours for 24 hours) on hypothalamic peptide mRNA levels as assessed by real-time RT-PCR in food-deprived lean mice, expressed as percentage of control mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. n, number of mice used. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group by Bonferroni t test. (B) Inhibitory effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 8 hours for 24 hours) on gastric ghrelin mRNA levels as assessed by Northern blot analysis in food-deprived lean mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (C ) Gastric ghrelin mRNA levels in PP-overexpressing mice as assessed by Northern blot analysis in the 24-hour fasting state. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (D) Hypothalamic peptide mRNA levels in PP-overexpressing mice as assessed by real-time RT-PCR in the 24-hour fasting state. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (E ) Effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 8 hours for 24 hours) on gene expression of leptin and resistin in WAT as assessed by real-time RT-PCR in food-deprived lean mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (F ) Effects of PP administered into the inferior vena cava and hepatic vagotomy on efferent activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating epididymal adipose tissue in rats. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. A representative example of discharge rates of efferent sympathetic nerve activity in response to PP is shown. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration (0 minutes).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

5. Figure 3
(A ) Acute effects of IP-administered PP (0.3–3 nmol/mouse) on cumulative food intake in food-deprived ob/ob obese mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. n, number of mice used. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group by Bonferroni’s t test. (B) Stimulatory effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse) on oxygen consumption in unrestrained ob/ob obese mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (C ) Effects of PP administered into the inferior vena cava and hepatic vagotomy on efferent activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla in rats. A representative example of discharge rates of efferent sympathetic nerve activity in response to PP is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration of 10 ng (0 minute); #P < 0.05 vs. value before administration of 100 ng (90 minutes). (D) Stimulatory effects of PP administered into the inferior vena cava on efferent activity of the sympathetic nerves innervating brown adipose tissue in rats. A representative example of discharge rates of efferent sympathetic nerve activity in response to PP is shown. ∗P < 0.05 vs. value before administration of 10 ng (0 minutes); #P < 0.05 vs. value before administration of 100 ng (90 minutes).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

6. Figure 4
(A ) Chronic effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 12 hours for 6 days) on body weight gain in non-food-deprived ob/ob obese mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. n, number of mice used. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the control group by Bonferroni t test. (B) Chronic effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 12 hours for 14 days) on body weight gain in non-food-deprived FLS-ob/ob obese mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (C ) Effects of repeated administrations of PP (3 nmol/mouse every 12 hours for 13 days) on anxiety in FLS-ob/ob obese mice. Time (%), 100 × Open/(Open + Closed). Entry (%), 100 × Open/Total Entries. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (D) Inhibitory effects of IP-administered PP (3 nmol/mouse every 8 hours for 24 hours) on hypothalamic CRF mRNA level as assessed by real-time RT-PCR in food-deprived lean mice. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the control group.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (03) )