1. A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CHEMICAL BONDING
A guide for GCSE students
2010 SPECIFICATIONS
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2. CHEMICAL BONDING www.knockhardy.org.uk INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

3. CHEMICAL BONDING OVERVIEW
The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed.
The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding.
To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...

4. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

5. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

6. WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different
elements are chemically combined’.

7. WHAT IS BONDING? COVALENT or METALLIC bonds
Very few substances consist of single atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.
COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different
elements are chemically combined’.
Elements can be combined using… IONIC
COVALENT
or METALLIC bonds
The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of the atoms being bonded.

8. NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
Group 0 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
18+
10+ 2+
HELIUM 2
NEON
2,8
ARGON
2,8,8

9. NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
Group 0 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE
THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS
18+
10+ 2+
HELIUM 2
NEON
2,8
ARGON
2,8,8

10. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

11. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3

12. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

13. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

14. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
Cl 2,8,7

15. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

16. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
(CATIONS)

17. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
(ANIONS)

18. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

19. IONIC BONDING

20. PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl
SODIUM ATOM
2,8,1
CHLORINE ATOM
2,8,7
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

21. SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl + SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION 2,8 2,8,8
both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas

22. SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl + SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION 2,8 2,8,8 Na Na+ + e¯
2,8, ,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
Cl e¯ Cl¯
2,8, ,8,8

23. PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl Ca
CHLORINE ATOMS
2,8,7 Cl
CALCIUM ATOM
2,8,8,2
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

24. PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl 2+ Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8 Cl
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

25. CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl Ca Cl CALCIUM ION 2,8,8 CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,82+ Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
Ca Ca e¯
2,8,8, ,8,8
2 ELECTRONS
TRANSFERRED
2Cl e¯ Cl¯
2,8, ,8 Cl

26. PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDE O Mg
MAGNESIUM ATOM
2,8,2
OXYGEN ATOM
2,6
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

27. PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
O2-
Mg2+
MAGNESIUM ION
2,8
OXIDE ION
2,8
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

28. MAGNESIUM OXIDE O2- MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 OXIDE ION 2,8 Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯
2,8, ,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED
O e¯ O2-
2, ,8

29. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

30. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2H He
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

31. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4 H He
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

32. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4 H He
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…

33. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4 H He
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

34. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Elements
H2 O2 N2 Cl2
Compounds
H2O NH3 CH4 H He
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND

35. COVALENT BONDING

36. Nucleus (positively charged) shared pair of electrons
COVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond consists of…
a shared pair of electrons with one electron being
supplied by each atom either side of the bond.
The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.
Nucleus (positively charged) + +
shared pair of electrons

37. HYDROGEN H H H H
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
H H
H H H2

38. HYDROGEN H H H H
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
H H
H H H2
Covalent bonds are represented by a line

39. HYDROGEN H H
Hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed
Another hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
H H
H H
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

40. Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl2 Cl Cl Cl Cl CHLORINE
both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl2

41. Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CHLORINE
Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
Another chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

42. H Cl H Cl HCl Cl Cl H H HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED
H Cl
H Cl
HCl

43. H Cl H Cl Cl H HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond
Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
Hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
H Cl
H Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

44. C C H H H C H CH4 H C H H METHANE H H H H H H H H
atom needs four electrons to complete its outer shell
each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds H
H C H H
H C H
CH4 H

45. H C H C H METHANE H H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen atom needs 1 electron to complete its outer shell
H C H H H C H H
Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds
A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete its outer shell
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

46. N N H N H H N H NH3 H H AMMONIA H H H H H H
atom needs three electrons to complete its outer shell
each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
H N H H
H N H H
NH3

47. N H N H H N H H AMMONIA H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
H N H H
H N H H H
Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell
Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

48. WATER H O H O H H
atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell
each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell
Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H O H
H O H
H2O

49. O H O H O H WATER H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell O
H O H
H O H
Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to complete its outer shell
Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8
2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

50. OXYGEN O O O O
each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell
each oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
O O O2
Double covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines

51. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

52. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca

53. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals
TRANSITION
METALS

54. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

55. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

56. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

57. Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca
ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS
THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING

58. METALLIC BONDING

59. METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

60. Atoms arrange themselves
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themselves
in a regular lattice

61. Atoms arrange themselves
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themselves
in a regular lattice
The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds positive ions together.

62. METALLIC BONDING Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1

63. THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

64. THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8

65. METALLIC BONDING Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8
THE ELECTRON CLOUD CONTAINS THE RELEASED OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

66. TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT PRESENTATION…
STRUCTURE & BONDING
WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE WEBSITE AT…

67. © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CHEMICAL BONDING
THE END
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