1. Air Toxics Program
Laura McKelvey

2. Session Goals Background on air toxics NESHAPs Technology Standards
Risk Program
How are the air toxics and permits programs related

3. What are air toxics Pollutants which (188 compounds listed in the CAA)
May cause cancer or other serious health effects in humans or in the environment
Possess a variety of physical and chemical characteristics that enhance potential for multi-media exposure
May disperse locally, regionally, nationally or globally,
After deposition may persist in the environment and/or bioaccumulate in the food chain

4. What health & environmental effects do they cause
More than half are known or suspected to be human carcinogens
Many known to affect respiratory, neurologic, immune, hormonal, or reproductive systems
More susceptible or sensitive populations at greater risk
Known to have similar effects in many fish and animal species
Environmental effects may be felt by individual species within ecosystem or by the entire ecosystem where affected species are found

5. Source of air toxics Literally, thousands of sources
Stationary sources include large industrial complexes
Chemical plants, oil refineries, and steel mills
Area sources which are small stationary sources
Dry cleaners, gas stations, and small manufactures
Mobile sources

6. Source Standards
National emissions standards for Hasardous air pollutants (NESHAPs)
8 standards based on risk
Maximum achievable control technology Standards (MACT) – largely “major” sources
112 standards covering 181 source categories
111d – Standards
MWC, Landfills, etc
Urban Area Source Standards – for smaller source categories. Currently underdevelopment
Residual Risk – Looks to see if there is risk remaining after MACT in the source category

8. Technology Standards and Tribal Air Programs
Federal Technology Standards can be delegated to the tribes
Tribes can develop alternative but “no less stringent standards” to meet their needs
Applicable requirements in Title V permits
Federal Standards become the “starting point” but are not designed to address a specific air quality or risk goal. Tribes may need additional rules or programs to address risk that remains.

9. Small group activity

10. Where We’ve Been Stationary: Mobile: Indoor Air:
Achieved significant emission reductions mainly from major sources
Mobile:
Reduced on-highway emissions
Indoor Air:
- Reduced air toxics exposure for several million people
Mobile Sources:
Between 1990 and 2007, on-highway emissions reduced
Benzene 65%, formaldehyde 69%, 1,3-butadiene 67%, acetaldehyde 58%, diesel pm 64%
Reductions continue for mobile sources thru 2020

11. What Are We Learning
We looked at air toxics risks from the national, regional, community, and individual facility scale
Based on 1996 NATA, we know that air toxics risk is greater than 10 in a million across the U.S.
Looked at air toxics risks on all scales of assessment using the NATA 1996 national-scale assessment
Focusing on community-scale assessments is where we should be headed
Especially for sensitive populations

12. What Are We Learning (continued)
National-scale assessment provides broad picture of risks
Shows different sources, different pollutants dominate risks in different areas
Shows need to focus on community-scale assessments
Helps to focus future studies
However, it was not designed to capture local-scale risks
The National Scale Assessment website was available for S/L/T preview and comment between January 10 and March 15, 2002.
The public version will be available in the near future.

13. What Are We Learning (continued)
MACT program significantly reduces risk from large number of primarily major sources
Not all major sources need further reductions – but some do
Deal with residual risk standards that do not affect everyone
Most area sources yet to be addressed, but need depends on location

15. Tribal Air Quality Management Process
Set Air Quality Goals
Implement Control Strategies
-Title V and other Permits
Surveillance and
Enforcement
Evaluate Air Quality
Emissions Inventory Data
Ambient Air Monitoring Data
Choose Control Strategies
Voluntary programs
Some strategies may be regulatory
Determine Necessary
Emissions Reductions
Modeling

16. Locally established controls Voluntary programs:
Federal requirements
Locally established controls
Voluntary programs:
Voluntary diesel retrofit programs for mobile sources
Commuter choices and incentive programs
Tools for Schools
Smoke-free Home Pledge Campaign
Asthma prevention and management programs
Design for the Environment
Goal is to achieve co-benefit (meaning cross-media and cross-office benefits)
Voluntary Programs:
Smoke-free Home Pledge Campaign – annual day in which all smokers are asked not to smoke in hopes that they will continue towards quitting the habit
Design for the Environment – (Located in OPPT) A voluntary partnerships program which works directly with industry to reduce emissions and integrate health concerns (e.g., works with autobody refinishing facilities)

17. Small Group Activity
Plan and Design steps to develop a Tribal air toxics program.