1. Irony and Characterization review

2. Irony
A technique that reveals a difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.
Irony is about perception and interpretation.
Irony is a very important part of understanding literature.

3. Type 1: Dramatic Irony
Dramatic irony is when a writer lets a reader know more about a situation than a character does.
In The Crucible, when Danforth questions Elizabeth about John’s affair, we know the truth, but Danforth doesn’t.
Thus, we can assert that the dramatic irony in this scene contributes to the suspenseful mood.

4. Type 2: Situational Irony
Situational irony is when what happens is entirely unexpected.
Situational irony has to do with the flow of the narrative. There may be a twist to the story.
Think: John Proctor, who has committed adultery and feels very guilty about it, forgets to name this commandment when questioned by Hale.

5. Type 3: Verbal Irony
When a character says something different than what is meant.
The problem with verbal irony is that the tone of voice gives it away. When it is written down, it is hard to realize the verbal irony.
Look for contradictory statements and actions, understatements, and overstatements.
Think: When Miller writes in his stage directions, “Abigail in her infinite charity”. Miller doesn’t think she is charitable.
Or, when Danforth says, “I don’t judge anyone”

6. Is Verbal Irony Sarcasm?
Verbal irony and sarcasm are very closely related.
Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony.
Sarcasm is meant to wound other people’s feelings. Verbal irony is much more subtle.

7. Characterization The art of revealing characters’ personalities.
Direct- the author tells the reader what a character is like
Indirect- characters’ traits are revealed through the characters’ actions, words and appearances; other characters’ comments; other characters’ reactions