1. The effectiveness of the using bulls evaluated by different methods
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Saksa E.¹, Plemyashov K. ¹, Anipchenko P.²
¹ Russian Research Institute for Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding  — Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Russia ² - Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Russia
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Conclusion
It is established that as the period of testing sires for offspring increases, the effectiveness of their genomic evaluation fall down;
Evaluation of the same sires showed that animals, estimated in Canada for the level of the productivity of daughters, at times exceed the indicator of breeding value by milk yield of sires estimated in the USA;
Analysis of the pedigree value of the same 18 sires of the American breeding in the herds of the Leningrad Region and in the flocks of US farms showed that in the USA they outnumbered their peers by 68 kg of milk, while in the Leningrad Region they reduced their yield by 53 kg;
To increase the accuracy of assessing hereditary qualities of sires, the effectiveness of their selection, it is necessary to introduce the genetic evaluation of animals by the BLUP method into practical selection of dairy cattle.
Abstract
This research shows the effectiveness of using sires, evaluated by different methods, with the improvement of herds with milk yield of kg of milk per cow. The results of a simultaneous assessment of the breeding values of sires estimated by genome in the USA and Canada showed that sires, valued in Canada on the basis of its own base comparisons, at times exceed the indicator of breeding value by daughter's milk yield, to sires, estimated in the US based on their national comparison base. In Russia, when using genomic assessments and assessments of the quality of progeny, it is necessary to take into account the difference in the valuation of the breeding value of the sires of the USA and Canada.
Comparing the results of the 18 sires evaluated by the genome in the US, on the quality of progeny in the US and the Leningrad Region, correlation coefficients
between the EBV BLUP assessment and the “contemporary comparison" method (CC-method) were: yield of milk , fat , protein
Material & Methods
Results
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The material of the study were information on a database about 1st lactation of cows from farms in the Leningrad Region, information of a database of sires of the «Nevskoye» and «Moskovskoye» breeding stations, sites Holstein associations:
The research method included statistical processing of data using common methods: the "Data Analysis" (Excel).
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2. Abstract
Achieved genetic potential of dairy cattle, using effective methods of breeding and improving the technology of feeding allowed to get a milk yield per cow 8389 kg of milk in 2017 in Leningrad region. In the leading dairy farms of the region by means of an saturation crossbreeding of cattle Black-and-white breed with sires of Holstein breed created purebred Holstein herds of Leningrad breeding with medium milk yield of more than 10,000 kg per lactation.
The growth of the genetic potential of the herds was ensured by using sperm of imported bulls-enhancers of North American breeding, which are annually selected with particular care to develop individual pairs selection plans. On the sites of the Holstein associations of America and Canada, their evaluation of the quality of the progeny on all the available signs of productivity, appearance, and functional features is monitored on a quarterly basis. Using up to 70% of highly valued sires in the leading breeding farms has determined the success of breeding of the last decades.
According to researchers from the Moscow region, a breeding scheme has been developed to implement work on custom pairings, which involves the use of young bulls and cows with updated estimates of their own productivity, estimated by the genome on the basis of the national reference population.
To improve the accuracy of assessing the hereditary qualities of bulls, the effectiveness of their selection in the farms of the Leningrad region, an assessment of the breeding value of black-and-white cattle with a high proportion of Holstein genes was carried out using the BLUP ANIMAL MODEL method.
In the dairy farms of the Leningrad Region, imported sires that have a genomic rating have been used only marginally since 2009, most widely since Along with the imported bulls estimated by the genome, purebred producers imported from Canada to «Nevskoye» and «Moskovskoye» for breeding work were used in reproduction.
In connection with the foregoing, it became possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of sires, evaluated by different methods, with the improvement of highly productive flocks on a specific material and analysis of the obtained data.
References:
1. Doormaal B.V. Genomic Young Bulls: Accelerating Genetic Progress // Internet-resource ( circulation date ).
2. Sermyagin AA Regional system of genomic evaluation as a basic element of the national program of genetic improvement of cattle / Sermyagin AA, Ermilov AN, Yanchukov IN, Kharitonov SN, Plemyashov KV, Tyurenkova EN , Strekozov NI, Zinovieva NA // Milk and meat cattle breeding № 7. -FROM. 3-6.
3. Plemiashov K.V. Use of the BLUP ANIMAL MODEL method in determining the breeding value of Holsteinized livestock in the Leningrad Region / K.V. Plemyashov, V.V. Labinov, E.I. Saksa, M.G. Smaragdov, A.A. Kudinov, A.V. Petrova // dairy and beef cattle breeding №1. - P. 2-5.
4. Internet sites:

3. Results Year of birth n Method of evaluation Year of evaluation
For practical operation for many years tracked changes in the breeding value of the sires in time, imported from Canada at the JSC "GTSV". For the analysis, sires were selected, the evaluation of which was on the sites of the Holstein associations of the USA and Canada. It is established that as the period of checking sires for offspring increases, the effectiveness of their genomic evaluation decreases (Table 1)
Of the 9 sires born in 2009 according to the American genomic evaluation, only the daughters of one sire, 95.7%, retained their superiority over their contemporaries in 2017 from the daughters of the sires when assessed in 2014; of the 16 producers of 2010 births, the daughters of the 3 sires surpassed their peers during the same years, and in 2017 exceeded by 104.4, and 135.9% by the milk yield of the daughters of sires when estimated in According to the Canadian genomic evaluation of the daughter of two sires in 2009, they retained their superiority over their contemporaries in 2017 from the indicators of the bull's daughters when evaluated in 2014; of 16 sires in 2010, the birth of a daughter of four sires , 82.0, 92.1 and 97.6%, respectively.
Simultaneous evaluation of the same sires showed that animals, estimated in Canada by the level of excellence in the productivity of daughters, at times exceed the indicator of breeding value by milk yield of bulls estimated in the USA.
Since the sires in each country are estimated on the basis of their own comparison base (in the United States for average cow productivity in 2015, in Canada for the productivity of the cows of birth in 2012, 2013, 2014), the milk yield in each country is different. Sires (b. 2009) after 6 years of use (by 2015) in the United States have a genomic rating of -25 kg of milk, in Canada the estimate is positive +358 kg of milk. On average, the breeding value of the sires of the birth of 2010 is higher than the producers of the birth of 2009.
Table 1. Breeding value of bulls estimated by genome in the USA and Canada in time
Year of birth n
Method of evaluation
Year of evaluation
Place of evaluation
USA
Canada
Breeding value by
milk, kg
fat, %
protein, %
milk, кг
2009 9
origin 
+793
+0,34
+0,02
genomic
2014
+42
+0,07
+0,03
+393
+0,05
+0,01
2015
-25
0,00
+358
2016
-21
+256
2017
-31
+45
2010 16
+951
+0,09
0,03
+137
+0,04
+865
+126
+750
+0,06
+128
+679
+88
+590

4.  compared with peers for
Results
Table 2. Assessment of the quality of progeny estimated by the genome of US sires (1st lactation)
Place of evaluation
Method of evaluation
N of daughters
Milk yield, кг
Mm
Fat, %
Protein, %
 compared with peers for
milk, кг
fat, %
protein, %
Leningrad region
«СС-method»
897
8998101
3,790,01
3,170,03
-53
-0,01
+0,00
USA
EBV BLUP
6419
1224836
3,770,02
3,060,02
+68
+0,05
+0,01
Analysis of the pedigree value of the same 18 sires of the American breeding in the Leningrad region and in the herds of US farms showed that in the USA they outnumbered their peers by 68 kg of milk, while in the Leningrad region they reduced their milk yield by 53 kg.
Of the 18 sires evaluated by the genome, estimates of the quality of offspring in the United States and in the Leningrad region coincided with the estimates of 10 sires, including the daughters of 3 manufacturers who outperformed their peers from milk yield of 333 kg to 464 kg.
Between the estimates of the breeding value of sires evaluated by the genome under different conditions, a rather high positive relationship was found: on the milk yield, the correlation coefficient was , on the milk fat and by the protein Correlation of milk yield indicates the probability of error in choosing the best sires for the average productivity of daughters, which can reach 45%. It can be assumed that the introduction of the BLUP procedure in the Holstein cattle population will significantly improve the efficiency of the choice of sires with genuinely better genotypes.
Thus, when using genus-rated sires, the best results in assessing the quality of progeny are obtained from males with a high genomic rating. When selecting sires, we should take into account the level of excellence in the productivity of daughters of specific sires, the change in the breeding value of sires in the years after the first genomic evaluation. Comparing the results of the 18 sires evaluated by the genome in the US, on the quality of progeny in the US and the Leningrad Region, correlation coefficients between the EBV BLUP assessment and the CC- method were: yield of milk , fat , protein Loss in the efficiency of breeding cows by milk yield while ignoring the BLUP method can reach 45.0%. To increase the accuracy of assessing hereditary qualities of sires, the effectiveness of their selection, it is necessary to introduce the genetic evaluation of animals by the BLUP method into practical selection of dairy cattle.