1. North and South Take Different Paths

2. urbanization- the growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities
urban problems- filthy streets,
absence of good sewage
systems,
lack of clean drinking water,
spread of diseases,
citywide fires

3. telegraph- a device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances
Samuel F.B. Morse-invented a system of codes that used shorter and longer bursts of electricity

4. Morse Code-each letter of the alphabet is represented by its own mix of short signals (dots) and long signals (dashes)

5. mechanical reaper- invented by Cyrus McCormick it cut stalks of wheat many times faster than a human worker, enabled farmers to cultivate more land and harvest their crops with fewer workers

6. sewing machine- made it much more efficient to produce clothing in quantity, clothing became less expensive

7. advantages to improvements in transportation- travel was faster and easier,
factories could ship goods to distant markets
Robert Fulton- invented the steam engine to power a boat

8. Clipper ship-world’s fastest ships for ocean travel
Railroads- could be built anywhere,
by 1840 there was 3,000 miles of railway tracks in the US

9. immigrants- millions came from Europe
famine-widespread starvation

10. Irish immigrants- more than a million people starved to death, a million more left,
men worked construction, women worked in homes
German immigrants- left because of harsh rulers

11. Nativists- people who wanted to preserve the country for white, American born protestants
Know-Nothings- secret group in New York who were against immigration, became a political party

12. discrimination- the denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people
rights denied to African Americans- no voting, not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades

13. racial segregation- African Americans had to attend different schools and churches
Freedom’s Journal-first newspaper owned and run by African Americans