1. Agenda diēs Iovis, Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: notes on PPLs/abl. abs./uses of dat.
Worksheet 3: Participles, Abl. Abs., Dat. Uses
(Complementary, Subjective, Objective Infinitives)
(Review of Syntax 4: Uses of the Ablative Case 1)
Pensum:
Take notes on infinitives & indirect statement from blog; consult grammar packet too (pp )
Study Vocab. List 1
Latin Prose
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Worksheet #3 Divide into groups of 5 or 6 (you may move desks)
Each group will prepare TWO sentences [10 mintutes]
identify case/uses, esp. of dative
identify participles
translate the sentence
Each group will present sentences to the class [15-20 minutes]
classmates and I may ask questions
don’t be afraid to think out loud–what’s your process for identifying and translating?

3. Infinitives: Forms & Translations

4. Infinitives: Basics
infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated using “to ____” in English
verbal qualities: tense & voice
present active & passive
perfect active & passive
future active (& passive)
noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case
gender: neuter
number: singular
case: nom. or acc.

5. Present Infinitives Present Active Infinitive:
Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re)
Translation: to _______
Present Passive Infinitive:
Form:
For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī
laudāre  laudārī / tenēre  tenērī / audīre  audīrī
For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī
ducere  ducī / capere  capī
Translation: to be ______ed

6. Perfect Infinitives Perfect Active Infinitive:
Form: perf. stem + –isse
laudāre  laudāvisse
capere  cēpisse
Translation: to have _______ed
Perfect Passive Infinitive:
Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of MV]
laudāre  laudātus, -a, -um esse
capere  captus, -a, -um esse
Translation: to have been ______ed

7. Future Infinitives Future Active Infinitive:
Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrus, -a, -um + esse [participle form must agree w/ subj. of MV]
laudāre  laudātūrus, -a, -um esse
capere  captus, -a, -um esse
Translation: to be about to _______
Future Passive Infinitive:
Form: neut. sg. nom. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī
laudāre  laudātum īrī
capere  captum īrī
Translation: to be about to be ______ed
**This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to form and translate it

8. Infinitives Practice – Form & Translate
Form all infinitives & provide translations for the following verbs:
ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place
terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire
impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder

9. Infinitives Practice – Form & Translate
Active
Passive
Present
Perfect
Future

10. ponō, ponere, posuī, positus
Active
Passive
Present
ponere --
to place
ponī
to be placed
Perfect
posuisse
to have placed
positus, -a, -um esse
to have been placed
Future
positūrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to place
positum īrī
to be about to be placed

11. terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus
Active
Passive
Present
terrēre --
to frighten
terrērī
to be frightened
Perfect
terruisse
to have frightened
territus, -a, -um esse
to have been frightened
Future
territūrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to frighten
territum īrī
to be about to be frightened

12. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus
Active
Passive
Present
pugnāre --
to fight
pugnārī
to be fought
Perfect
pugnāvisse
to have fought
pugnātus, -a, -um esse
to have been fought
Future
pugnātūrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to fight
pugnātum īrī
to be about to be fought

13. cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
Active
Passive
Present
cupere --
to desire
cupī
to be desired
Perfect
cupīvisse
to have desired
cupītus, -a, -um esse
to have been desired
Future
cupītūrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to desire
cupītum īrī
to be about to be desired

14. impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus
Active
Passive
Present
impedīre --
to hinder
impedīrī
to be hindered
Perfect
impedīvisse
to have hindered
impedītus, -a, -um esse
to have been hindered
Future
impeditūrus, -a, -um esse
to be about to hinder
impedītum īrī
to be about to be hindered

15. Infinitives: Types/Uses

16. Infinitives: Types/Uses
There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive:
complementary
subjective
objective
indirect statement
historical

17. Complementary Infinitives
some verbs cannot or do not stand alone and make sense
these require an infinitive to fill out their meaning
these infinitives are called complementary infinitives (<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)

18. Complementary Infinitives
some verbs that take complementary infins.:
possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”)
constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (not when it means “to establish” or “to set up”)
videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem
consuescō, consuescere, consuēvī, consuētus: to become accustomed
see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 21 for fuller list

19. Complementary Infinitives
e.g.:
Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit.
The consul decided to make good laws.
Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat.
The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house.
Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet.
Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.

20. Subjective Infinitives
infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence
these are called subjective infinitives
subjective infinitives commonly accompany:
Impersonal forms of sum [= 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)]
impersonal verbs
these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject
they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”

21. Subjective Infinitives – Examples
Errāre est hūmānum.
To err is human.
Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam?
Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?
Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.
Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.

22. Common Impersonal Verbs
impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which:
decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits
iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing
licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed
necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary
oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must
opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need
see vocab. list 1 for verbs & grammar packet p. 22 for examples

23. Objective Infinitives
infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence
these are called objective infinitives
an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative:
Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere.
The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse.
the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase
think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)

24. Objective Infinitives
the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative:
cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.)
prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent
sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid
see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 22 for fuller list and further examples/explanation; examples on next slide too

25. Objective Infinitives – Examples
Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat.
Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp.
Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit.
The consul compelled the senators to make good laws.
Amō ambulāre et currere.
I love to walk and (to) run.
Tē natāre docēbō.
I shall teach you to swim.

26. for head verbs, see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 23
Indirect Statement
grammar packet pp
pay particular attention to the function of tenses of infinitives in I.S.
for head verbs, see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 23

27. Indirect Statement
in Latin & English, statements can be reported directly and indirectly:
Direct Statements:
You did your homework.
Mr. Finnigan said, “You did your homework.”
Indirect Statements:
Mr. Finnigan said that you did your homework.
She said that Mr. Finnigan said that he did his homework.

28. Introducing the Ind. Statement
ind. statements are introduced by a HEAD VERB – a verb of saying, knowing, thinking, perceiving, etc.
called a head verb because…
it’s an action done with some part of your head
it’s at the head of the sentence
after the HV, we supply the word “THAT” in English to intro. the I.S.
Latin has no separate word for this “that;” it must be understood and supplied.
snap your fingers after a HV to stand in for “that”

29. Ind. Statement Proper
ind. statements have their subjects in the accusative case – this is the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE
the verb in the ind. statement is an INFINITIVE
this MUST be translated like an indicative verb
there can be more than one infinitive in an I.S.
for future active and perfect passive infinitives (i.e. futūrum esse; ductum esse), the form “esse” is often left out and must be understood.

30. Indirect Statement – Recap
HEAD VERB
Verb of knowing, thinking, perceiving, saying, etc.
“THAT”
introductory word after the HV; no separate word in Lat. – snap!
SUBJ. ACC.
subject of I.S. is in the accusative case
INFINITIVE
verb in I.S. is an infin. – translate as indicative!

31. Ind. Statement – Exempla
Dīcit Caesarem esse fortem.
He says that Caesar is brave.
Putō puellās* librōs lēgisse.
I think that the girls have read the books.
*the first acc. in the I.S. is generally the subj. acc., unless it doesn’t make sense
Vīdit nāvēs vēnisse.
He saw that the ships had come.

32. Infinitives in Indirect Statement
the tense of an infinitive in I.S. does not denote time absolutely – it denotes time relative to the main verb
present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb
perfect infinitives – denote action happening before the main verb
future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb

33. Infinitives in Indirect Statement – Exempla
Sciō eum hoc vidēre. – I know that he sees/is seeing this.
Sciō eum hoc vīdisse. – I know that he has seen this.
Sciō eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I know that he will see this.
BUT
Scīvī eum hoc vidēre. – I knew that he was seeing this.
Scīvī eum hoc vīdisse. – I knew that he had seen this.
Scīvī eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I knew that he would see this.