1. Shakespeare’s Language
It is not as difficult as it seems.

2. Language Change
Languages do not just happen – they are the result of many of hundreds and even thousands of years of development. The English as we know it is relatively new and is in a constant state of change. Every day hundreds of new words enter the language and many are dropped. In addition, the English language is spoken in many dialects around the world.

3. The English language contains about 300,000 words, but your vocabulary is about 3000 and you get by on a daily basis with about 150.
By contrast, William Shakespeare had a vocabulary of 15,000 words and invented many of the words and phrases that we still use today.
Let’s take a look at Old English - how many people think Shakespeare wrote …

4. Learning to read Shakespeare is a bit like learning a foreign language, but it is well worth the effort.
Here are a few tricks to understanding Shakespeare – this will help you impress the ladies as well !

5. Example: “ Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit,
1. Thou, thee and thy – These mean you, you, and your, respectively. These words dropped out of our language a couple centuries ago, but Shakespeare uses them. The verb that is used with “thou” changes as well.
Example: “ Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit,
Wilt thou not Jule?”
Translation: You will fall backward
when you have more wit,
Will you not, Jule?

6. 2. Inversion – Sometimes Shakespeare will invert the verb and the subject.
For instance, he might write, “Went I to Bellarmine.” instead of “I Went to Bellarmine.”
Example: “Then dreams he of another’s benefice.”
Translation: He dreams of another’s benefice.

7. 3. Diction – There are three problems with Shakespeare’s word choice.
First - he uses words that no longer exist in the English we speak.
Second - he uses words that are in our language, but now have a different meaning to us.
Third – he uses words that are in our language, but we simply don’t know what these words mean – you should look them up.

8. Some translations to help you …
still = always
soft = slowly, gently
mark = listen
an = if
fell = cruel, fierce, deadly
to-night = last night
perforce = we must, you must
kind = true to one’s nature
ay = yes
fain = gladly
marry = swear word
anon = at once
plague, pox, ague = disease
wherefore= why
THESE ARE JUST A FEW OF
THE DIFFICULT WORDS …

9. 4. Contractions – for purposes of rhythm Shakespeare uses contractions to cut out syllables.
Examples:
o’ = on
th’ = the
i’ = in
‘t – it
ta’en = taken
‘em = them
‘a = he (often)
o’er = over

10. Copy these lines down and translate them on a separate piece of paper.
For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.
Tickling a parson’s nose as a’ lies asleep.
O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?
Do not swear at all/ or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self …
A plague a both your houses.
Tybalt, liest thou there in thy bloody sheet?

11. FIRST WITCH: Shalia
SECOND WITCH: Nyela
THIRD WITCH: Reyina
DUNCAN: Savannah
LEXXON: Alexis
MACLOLM: Tyree
CAPTAIN: Aniya
ROSS: Kendall C.
MACBETH: Kelley
BANQUO: Bryce
STAGE DIRECTION: Kolin