1. CNS as integration of arcs
integration center interneurons parallel circuits
brain
spinal cord
connect “appropriate” motor responses to stimuli
also: learning memory

2. p 320

3. Figure 11.25

4. Central Nervous System
brain control center
spinal cord superhighway
gray matter cell bodies and interneurons
white matter axons and dendrites

5. brain functional areas
integration areas
connect sensory to motor sensory to sensory other areas (parallel)

6. Brain cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon thalamus hypothalamus
epithalamus
brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

7. p 432

9. cerebrum functional areas
motor
conscious motor frontal
eye movement frontal
speech movement frontal (Broca’s area)
sensory
general sensation parietal
auditory temporal
visual occipital
taste parietal
olfactory temporal , limbic system

10. cerebral functional areas
p 437

11. other functional structures
cerebellum coordination synergist - antagonist
basal ganglia motor control
thalamus sensory relay sensory filtering
hypothalamus visceral control

13. basal ganglia
p 444

15. Thalamus
sensory relay
p 448

16. Hypothalamus visceral control center regulates bodily functions
temperature
hunger glucose, amino acids
thirst salts, water
pH levels CO2
Autonomic NS
emotions visceral responses
endocrine controls Pituitary gland
memory esp. visceral responses
sleep-wake cycles input from optic nerve

18. brain stem 3 parts : midbrain pons medulla oblongata vital functions
passageway betw cortex and spinal cord
cranial nerves

20. midbrain cranial nerves nuclei III , IV corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi visual reflexes
inferior colliculi auditory reflexes
substantia nigra influences basal ganglia produces Dopamine

21. pons
cranial nerves nuclei V , VI , VII
respiratory centers

22. medulla oblongata cranial nerve nuclei VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
visceral motor nuclei cardiac center HR vasomotor center BP respiratory center resp rate
vestibular nuclei equilibrium relay
cochlear nuclei auditory relay
solitary nucleus taste
reflexes swallow cough sneeze BP , HR , Resp

23. limbic system medial surface of each hemisphere emotional brain
amygdala fear, anger
cingulate gyrus emotions, gestures
memory / learning
hippocampal formation short term memory sends to cortex (LTM)
amygdala memories of emotions
hypothalamus visceral responses
fornix connects 2 limbus

24. p 455

25. reticular formation center of brain stem
reticular activating system (RAS)
maintains consciousness and alertness
input from all senses of the body
motor to all muscles - maintain tone and readiness

26. Brain Waves measure of electrical activity EEG = electroencephalogram
locates lesions
inactivity – increase amplitude
active – complex, low amplitude waves
Alpha waves 8-13Hz relaxed wakefulness
Beta waves 14-25Hz alert, concentrating
Theta waves 4-7Hz abnormal (adults)
Delta waves < 4 Hz deep sleep, abnormal if awake

27. frequency = # peaks / sec = hertz amplitude - # neurons firing
Figure 12.20

28. Figure 12.21

29. consciousness perception of sensations and motor control
mental processing (learning, memory)
simultaneous activity of cerebral areas
syncope brief unconsciousness
coma unresponsive to sensory stimuli
not deep sleep decreased O2 use
may include part of brain stem

30. sleep partial unconsciousness cerebral, not brain stem
can respond to stimuli
decreased RAS activity
 adenosine increase after ATP use
Why sleep? restore NT’s organize memories , emotions “we dream to forget”
insomnia

31. types of sleep NREM non-rapid eye movement 4 stages
slow-wave sleep delta waves
low vitals increase digestive activity
REM rapid eye movement
alpha waves irregular
increase vitals decrease digestive functions
skeletal muscles inhibited
limbic system active
dreams

32. Figure 12.21

33. memory learning changes in synaptic communication
memory those changes lasting a long time

34. memory declarative facts , events short term memory long term memory
non-declarative motor skills, procedures

35. how ? synapses work better = LTP potentiates neural connections
sensory - sensory
sensory – motor
connect “appropriate” motor responses to stimuli
build networks - associations

36. result synapses work better = LTP more NT receptors
glutamate - NMDA - Ca
 NT production NO
dendritic spines change shape
 strength of graded potentials
greater chance of action potential

37. Fig. 8.17

38. where middle temporal lobe hippocampus STM consolidation
amygdala fear, danger ; and responses
cerebral association areas sensory info
prefrontal cortex behaviors

39. cerebral functional areas
p 437

40. p 455

41. affects on memory repetition increase LTP association networks stress
norepinephrine
glucocorticoids
glutamate
sleep
alcohol

42. memory problems amnesia anterograde amnesia new info
retrograde amnesia old info
post-traumatic stress disorder
Alzheimer’s Hippocampus cerebral cortex
change NMDA receptors and Ca++ influx
decreased Ach production
plaques : beta amyloid peptide
stem cells neurogenesis