1. Geology for Engineers
Lecture 0: Introduction

2. Academic Integrity Policy
Come to class prepared
Read assigned material and previous class notes before class.
Make notations about material or concepts you don’t understand.
Look up vocabulary words that are unfamiliar to you.
Make a conscious effort to pay attention. Concentrate on concentrating.

3. Note-taking from classes and assignments
Note titles, main points/concepts
Write down questions + your own questions
Note all unfamiliar vocabulary/concepts (to look them up later)
Do not write full sentences
Learn abbreviations that work for you
Bring highlighters to class. Instructors will frequently make comments like, “This is an important concept.” Or, “Make sure you understand this.” These are direct clues that this will more than likely be on an exam. Highlighting these notes will help remind you later that this is definitely something you need to know.
Take notes even if the slides are posted online! It will jump start your learning

4. Note-taking from classes and assignments
What to always include in your notes:
Definitions
Details, facts, or explanations that expand or explain the main points
Material written on the blackboard, including drawings or charts
Information that is repeated or spelled out

5. Note-taking from classes and assignments
Review and edit your notes:
It is extremely important to review your notes within 24 hours.
Edit for words and phrases that are illegible or don’t make sense.
Edit with a different color what you wrote in class and what you filled in later.
Fill in key words and questions in the left-hand column.
Note anything you don’t understand to remind you to ask the instructor.
Compare your notes with the textbook/reading and fill in important missing details
Consider rewriting or typing up your notes.

6. Find what works best for YOU
3 types of learning style: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.  Find yours to determine what methods of studying and learning work best for you.
Visual: graphs, pictures, and seeing information written down (organize your notes by section to remember where the information is and use color codes)
Auditory: retain information through hearing and speaking -> read the lecture out loud
Kinesthetic: demonstrate how to do something rather than verbally explain it. Learn new material while doing something active (e.g., read a textbook while on a treadmill)
When to learn?
It depends on the person, BUT we can’t ever learn properly at any time of day unless we get sleep.

7. Why geology for engineers?

8. Why geology for engineers?
Ignorance of geology (or a poor assessment of geology), and of geologic hazards (floods, eruptions, earthquakes, etc.) cannot be tolerated in civil and environmental engineering projects.
Failure to characterize the geological site and geological setting has too often resulted in needless structural damage, environmental disasters, or loss of life.
You should be aware that an adequate geological site evaluation and exploration program is vital to a project and represents only a small percent of its overall cost.
An adequate geological site evaluation and exploration program is one of the best forms of insurance to safeguard against unforeseen failure and catastrophic losses due to tangible material loss and liability and litigation.

10. What is Geology?
ge·ol·o·gy
jēˈäləjē/
Noun
Geology is the study of the earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. There are certain principles peculiar to geology, but it also relies on the other sciences: physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics. Geology is both a basic and an applied science.

11. What Does a Geologist do?
Geologists study earth processes:   Many processes such as landslides, earthquakes, floods, and volcanic eruptions pose a risk to society and infrastructure.
Geologists work to understand these processes well enough to avoid building important structures where they might be damaged. If geologists can prepare maps of areas that have flooded in the past, they can prepare maps of areas that might be flooded in the future. These maps can be used to guide the development of communities and determine where flood protection or flood insurance is needed.
Geologists explore for earth materials:   People use earth materials every day. They use oil that is produced from wells, metals that are produced from mines, and water that has been drawn from streams or from underground.
Geologists conduct exploratory studies that locate rocks that contain important metals, plan the mines that produce them and the methods used to remove the metals from the rocks. They do similar work to locate and produce oil, natural gas, and groundwater.
Geologists study earth history:   Today we are concerned about climate change. Many geologists are working to learn about the past climates of earth and how they have changed across time. This historical geology-based information is valuable to understand how our current climate is changing and what the results might be.

12. Geology is awesome ...
Job outlook (Geologists) Job outlook (Civil Engineers)

13. Overuse of Geologic Resources
(Geology in the News)
1.7 billion people are joining the “consumer class,” putting pressure on earth resources. The environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004)
Emission of greenhouse gasses is driving global warming
Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers, raising sea level, and driving extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)

14. Geologic Resources
Mineral resources: e.g., Metals, fertilizers, minerals, construction
Water resources: e.g., lakes, rivers, springs, groundwater
Energy resources:
e.g., oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (earth’s heat)

15. Geologic Resources The geologist’s jobs:
Locating and characterizing quantity and quality of geologic resources
Extracting geologic resources efficiently
Assessing environmental effects of extraction and use

16. Misuse of Resources Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan
See Page 6
Aral Sea
Over Time
1980
2000
2005
Aral Sea (
C entral Asia (territory is 1.7 mln. sq.km) is situated in the mid-part of Euroasia at the crossroad of ancient caravan routes between Europe and Asia, Middle and Far East and mainly coincides with the geographical borders of the Aral Sea, completely including territories of Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, a large part of Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and the south of Kazakhstan.
As one of the most ancient centres of world civilization, this region has vast territories of arid and semiarid zones(1 mln.sq.km) with only 5% of densely populated oases. The basin is inner water body of the dischargeless Aral Sea which was the fourth largest inland lake in the world before The dependence of the Central Asian civilization's development of water resources dates back to ancient times. Water and irrigation have always been the basis of life, the development of every living thing, and the main component of nature in the region. Click to enlarge the picture
By the beginning of the 20th century, 7-8 million people lived in the region. Irrigated lands made up about 3.5 million hectares and had irrigation networks of different levels. It was the foundation of society's economic base. At present the population of the region has increased 7 times, exceeding 50 million people (54.2 million people in 1997). Irrigated lands had doubled ( milllion hectares).
History
On the basis of geographical and archeological research it was established that the Aral Sea has had periodical changes of its water area, i.e. expansions are followed by withdrawals. This was brought about by climate change and changes in the state of the environment in the region. With the development of land use, anthropogenic factors affected the natural periods of sea fluctuations changing flows of the SyrDarya and AmuDarya. This is especially explicit in the present.
The beginning of irrigated agriculture in the region dates back to the 6th-7th centuries B.C. and coincides with flourishing the most ancient civilization where irrigation was a major decisive factor of historical and socio-economic development. Today the Aral and surrounding territories are world-known for ecological disasters attributed mainly to anthropogenous factors. The growth in water consumption connected to cultivation of new irrigated territories, where mainly cotton and rice are grown, together with the increase in the population working in agriculture, the flow of water to the sea from the two major river systems -the AmuDarya and SyrDarya - completely stopped. In spite of intensive glacier melting which should have led to increase of territory of the Aral Sea, during last 25 years disastrous reduction of the largest inland water body takes place. The Aral Sea degradation
The Aral Sea is the largest inland body of salty reservoirs in the world. Situated in the centre of the Central Asian deserts at an altitude of 53 metres above the sea level, the Aral Sea functions as a gigantic evaporator. About 60 km2 of water evaporates per year.
The sea contributed to hydrothermal regime improvement, influenced water regimes of arid plants, pasture productivity, and provided normal functioning of artesian wells etc. Ecological balance in the basin was formed in the first half of the 20th century and was stable up to the beginning of the 1960's, with a volume of 1,064 kmі, and a water territory of 66.4 thousand kmІ. Because of irrevocable removal of river water on irrigated territories, ecological balance began to decline. Only half of the previous river runoff reached the Aral Sea. But even this quantity of water was not sufficient to support sea level at 53 m.

17. Geology Earth Materials: What we have to work with, properties
Environmental Sciences: How we influence the earth
Geologic Hazards: How geology influences us

18. Greenhouse Gasses and Global Warming
Global Warming & CO2
CO2 concentration is higher than all maximums during the past 500,000 years
And still increasing!
Sea level rise
Increased erosion
Flooding
Submerged infrastructure

19. Geology in the News Geologic Hazards San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
Geologic Hazards
A strong earthquake occurred at 19:15:56 (UTC) on Monday, December 22, The magnitude 6.5 event has been located in CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.
Two people killed and about 40 buildings collapsed or severely damaged at Paso Robles.At least 40 people injured in the Paso Robles-Templeton area. Buildings damaged and small firesoccurred at Cambria and Morro Bay. The airport at Oceano was closed due to cracks in the runway.More than 10,000 homes and businesses were without power in the Paso Robles area. Felt (VII) atAtascadero, Bradley, Cambria, Cayucos, Creston, Lockwood, Los Osos, Morro Bay, Nipomo, Oceano, PasoRobles, San Miguel, San Simeon, Shandon and Templeton; (VI) at Arroyo Grande, Beverly Hills, GroverBeach, Guadalupe, Pismo Beach, San Luis Obispo, Santa Margarita and Santa Maria; (V) at Avenal,Danville, Filmore, Inglewood, King City, Lompoc, Santa Inez, Santa Monica, Solvang, Taft and Wasco;(IV) throughout west-central California; (III) from San Francisco and Santa Rosa to Los Angeles andOceanside. Felt in much of central California and at Bullhead City, Arizona.

21. Assessing Risk Geologic Hazards Assessing risks Avoiding risks
“Major Quake Likely to Strike San Francisco Bay Region Between 2003 and 2032”
Geologic Hazards
Assessing risks
Avoiding risks
Preventing damage
Predicting impact (

22. Earthquake Bam, Iran Dec 26, 2003
Photos
from AP
A Magnitude 6.5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mud-house city of 100,000 in Iran
30,000 dead
30,000 refugees
US sends aid and releases sanctions
Relations improved
A strong earthquake occurred at 01:56:52 (UTC) on Friday, December 26, The magnitude 6.6 event has been located in SOUTHEASTERN IRAN.
At least 30,000 people killed, 30,000 injured, 85 percent of buildings damaged or destroyed and infrastructure damaged in the Bam area. Maximum intensities IX at Bam and VIII at Baravat. Felt (V) at Kerman. Surface faulting observed on the Bam Fault between Bam and Baravat. Maximum acceleration of 0.98g recorded at Bam. A detailed report on this earthquake can be obtained from the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), online at

23. Geological Hazards
Volcanic eruptions
Floods
Earthquakes
Landslides

24. Geology in Engineering
Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control
To prevent slope failure, engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

25. Geology in Engineering

26. Geology in Engineering
The Leaning Tower Straightens Up
In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsing
Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures
An English geotechnical engineer discovered that the primary cause of the tilt was a fluctuating water table which would perch higher on the tower’s north side, causing the tower’s characteristic slant to the south.