1. Androgen Receptor Mediated Growth of Prostate (Cancer)
Jack Schalken 
European Urology Supplements 
Volume 4, Issue 8, Pages 4-11 (November 2005)
DOI: /j.eursup
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
The human prostate is composed of epithelial and stromal compartments, separated by the basement membrane [6,7].
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
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3. Fig. 2
Both testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have a direct differentiative effect through the epithelial cells, and an indirect proliferative effect through the release of growth factors by the stroma [13].
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
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4. Fig. 3
Within a week after castration, about 75% of all epithelial cells underwent apoptosis, resulting in prostate involution. Testosterone re-administration resulted in an increased proliferation of epithelial cells as about 50% of cells is cycling [8]. Permission to reproduce has been granted by Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Schalken JA, van Leenders G. Cellular and molecular biology of the prostate: stem cell biology. Urology 2003;62(Suppl 1):11–20.
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
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5. Fig. 4
The hierarchical stem cell model, postulated by Isaacs and Coffey, 1989 [22]. Etiology and disease process of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Isaacs JT, Coffey DS. Copyright® Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
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6. Fig. 5
Prostate epithelial cell hierarchy. The stem cells divide, give rise to a new stem cell (self-renewal) and more committed progenitor cells (early and late) for the functional exocrine and neuro-endocrine cell lineages [28].
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
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7. Fig. 6
Ontogeny of prostate cancer stem cells. In primary human prostate tumours 3 classes can be discriminated; those with a minority of cells (candidate stem cells) similar to the early or late progenitors, and the pre-terminally differentiated phenotype [28,38,39].
European Urology Supplements 2005 4, 4-11DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2005 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions