1. Soil Surveys and Conservation
Lecture 24
Soil Surveys and Conservation

2. Soil Surveys
Soil surveys contain valuable information regarding the distribution, uses and limitations of soil. They are available for most counties in the United States.
On private lands, soil surveys are made as a result of a cooperative effort between the USDA-NRCS, the local Soil and Water Conservation District and the Land Grant University. They can be obtained from any of the cooperating agencies.
They are published by the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.

3. Soil Survey Map
“32B” is a soil symbol placed on an aerial photo to indicate a specific soil type. The text portion of a soil survey describes soil map units like this one, and the tables part of the soil survey provide information on its properties and capabilities, including mechanical.

4. Soil Classification
This may be the most difficult classification problem in science because of the many factors involved.
Varied Bases for Classification
Parent Material
Special Constituent Materials
Maturity
Structure
Climate & Vegetation
Multiple Objectives
Scientific
Genesis & Evolution
Agricultural
Fertility
Most Effective Use
Engineering
Slope Stability
Expansion and Shrinkage
Stability of Excavations

5. ABOUT SOIL TAXONOMY
Soil Taxonomy began in the late 1960’s with a series of approximations.
It replaced an earlier system that among other things was thought not to have enough flexibility to be adaptable for world-wide use.
Soil Taxonomy groups all soils among 12 orders. Each order is further divided into sub-orders, sub-orders into great groups, great groups into sub-groups, sub-groups into families and families into series. The soil series is the finest taxonomic division or taxa.
In a soil survey a soil mapping unit is composed of many different taxa (soil series or higher). The most common of these taxa are used in the name of the mapping unit.

6. "The 7th Approximation"
U.S. Soil Conservation Service
12 Soil Orders

7. Degree of Weathering and B Horizon Development Little Slight Moderate
"The 7th Approximation"
Degree of Weathering and B Horizon Development
Little
Slight
Moderate
Large
Extreme
Entisols
Aridisols
Inceptisols
Alfisols
Spodosols
Ultisols
Mollisols
Oxisols
Soils Defined by Special Constituent Materials
Andisols
Volcanic Ash
Histosols
Peat, Organic Matter
Vertisols
“Self-Mixing” Clay Soils
Gelisols
Soils on Permafrost

8. Soils of the U.S.

9. Typical Soil Profile (Spodosol)

10. Aridisol, Kuwait

11. Ultisols: Alabama Tennessee

12. Oxisol, California (a Paleosol)

13. Paleosol, Scotland

14. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
Soil erosion is the removal of soil material by:
Water
Wind
We will deal mostly with water erosion as it is the most prevalent type of erosion in New York.

15. Confusion
Geologic erosion is a NORMAL process that occurs all over the earth.
Soil erosion concerns are related to the ACCELERATED loss of soil material from farms, forests, parks, and even urban settings.

16. Geologic Erosion Naturally Forms Our Landscapes

17. Manageable? Geologic Erosion - in most cases cannot be prevented.
Soil Erosion - in most cases can and should be prevented.

18. Why Prevent Soil Erosion
Food Productivity - soil erosion removes the most productive layer of the soil - the TOPSOIL.
Left unchecked, soil erosion can render an agricultural field useless.

19. Other whys . . .
Sedimentation in stream channels and other water bodies causes flooding.
Sediment in streams affects both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
Sediment has fertilizers, pesticides, and other harmful substances attached that can pollute our drinking water.

20. Costs
The cost to control soil erosion or repair its damages runs is approximately $30 billion every year - just on agricultural land.
Science Magazine Vol. 267, February 1995
That money is usually taken from local, state, and/or federal taxes paid by citizens.

21. Water v Wind
Water erosion is most prevalent east of the Mississippi River where annual precipitation is  30”.
Wind erosion is most prevalent west of the Mississippi River where rainfall amounts are insufficient to support adequate plant growth or where human activity destroys the existing plant cover.

22. Erosion Forces are NOT Exclusive
Water and wind erosion occur all over the country:
The east is predominated by water erosion;
The west is predominated by wind erosion.

23. Wind Erosion and Effects

24. Water Erosion and Effects

25. Phases of Water Erosion
Impact
Detachment
Transportation
Deposition

26. Impact
The action of a raindrop hitting a bare soil surface.

27. Detachment
The result of the force of the raindrop impact where surface soil aggregates become separated or shattered into smaller aggregates or individual soil particles.

28. Raindrop Impact and Detachment

29. Transportation
The process by which the detached soil particles become suspended in water moving downhill.
The steeper the hill, the faster the water will travel as RUNOFF.
The faster the water travels downhill, the greater the amount of soil that can be held in suspension by the water.

30. Deposition
The process whereby the suspended soil settles out of the running water.
This usually occurs where the slope decreases or a barrier exists that slows the moving water down.
This is also know as SEDIMENTATION.

31. The Yangtse Delta Showing Sediment Plume. Image: NOAA.

32. So, what is Soil Erosion?
Soil erosion is the wearing away of the soil surface by human activity that affects our ability to grow food, causes, flooding, affects wildlife habitat, and can pollute drinking water.

33. The GLASOD estimate of global land degradation. From UNEP-GRID.

34. Types of Soil Erosion by Water
Sheet
Rill
Gully
Note: The definitions that follow are taken from:
United States Department of Agriculture Soil Survey Manual. Agricultural Handbook 18. Washington, D.C.

35. Sheet Erosion
The more or less uniform removal of soil from an area without the development of conspicuous water channels.
Sheet erosion is very difficult to see.
The loss of 6 tons of soil from an acre of land would be about the thickness of a dime across that acre.
Most soils in New York can only tolerate a loss of 2 to 3 tons per acre per year.

36. Sheet Erosion

37. Rill Erosion
The removal of soil through the cutting of many small, but conspicuous, channels where runoff [water] concentrates.
The channels are shallow enough that they are easily obliterated by tillage or cultivation.

38. Rill Erosion

39. Gully Erosion
The most accelerated and damaging form of water erosion that is the consequence of water that cuts down into the soil along lines of flow.
Gullies are characterized by a headwall that is actively being cut uphill.
Gullies normally cannot be crossed with common types of farm equipment.

40. Gully Erosion

41. Principles of Treating Soil Erosion
In general:
Treat the source first, then treat the affected area.
Practices should be cost-effective (benefits should outweigh costs).
Practices must be operated and maintained to ensure they will last.

42. Agricultural Conservation Practices
Examples of Practices To Control Soil Erosion from Water
Cover Crops
Conservation Tillage
Contour Stripcropping
Diversions

43. Cover Crops
Cover crops are used to help control erosion on cropland when:
the usual crops are not growing (fall and winter); or
between the rows of crops such as corn, potatoes, or tomatoes to control erosion during the growing season.
Cover crops also add organic matter to the soil and improve overall soil quality.

44. Cover Crops

45. Conservation Tillage Conservation tillage is any form of plowing that:
Causes little or no disturbance to the soil surface;
Helps to keep the crop residue from the previous growing season on the soil surface to act as a mulch.

46. Conservation Tillage (Residue Management)

47. Contour Stripcropping
Contour stripcropping is a method of planting alternating strips of land with row crops and close- sown crops (grass for hay) that follow topography.
The strips help to slow moving water down and allow it to infiltrate into the soil. Many strips are about 100’in width.

48. Contour Stripcropping System

49. Terrace
A terrace is a structure that is constructed across a hillside to intercept water moving down hill.

50. Non Agricultural Erosion Control
Soil erosion can occur off farms as well.
In many cases, the amount of soil lost from a construction site exceeds that lost from an average sized farm field in New York.

51. Urban Erosion

52. Urban Conservation Practices
Buffer Strips
Tree Planting
Sediment Control

53. Buffer Strip