1. Heat Treatments-Past, Present and Future
Jerry W. Heaps
General Mills

2. Heat Treatments-Past, Present and Future
1950’s On-Chemists and Toxicologists Ruled, Organochlorines and Organophosphates Dominate
Chemicals Cheaper Than True Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Last 20 Years- Moved Away, Why?

3. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Insecticides Not Target Insect Specific
1984- Deregulation of Liquid Fumigants Due to Toxic Residues in Food?
Insect Resistance Due to Over Reliance
“Elimination Legislation”
Forced to Develop True IPM

4. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Using Heat to Kill Insects Not New
1200 BC Chinese Anti- Locust Officers
1901, 54 dC/30 hours Noted in a Food Plant to Kill Insects; Dean (1911) followed up
Mellanby (1932) Made Reference

5. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
d. 1935, Pepper & Strand Published USDA Bulletin “Use of Superheating as a Control Method for Cereal Mill Insects”
e. 1950, Cotton Published: “Pests of Stored Grain” Noting That Heat Works
f. 1987, Forbes & Ebeling Patented “Thermal Process Eradication”

6. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Within Our Industry- Last 40 Years, Heat a Novelty
Pioneers – Tom Imholte and Ken Sheppard
MeBr, Vapona, EDB- Still Available and Cheap
1985 Nabisco Cream of Wheat

7. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
World Drastically Changed in 1987!
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
Amended in 1992 in Copenhagen
Phase Out Class 1 Ozone Depletors of Which MeBr was Classified
Race and Debate Was ON!

8. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
1992- Move to Cancel Vapona’s Food
Additive Tolerance (Still Legal in 2003)
1993- Mississippi River Flooded ConAgra Mills Near the River
Heat Used to “Dry” Out Mills and Observed to Kill Insects
Word of Mouth- AOM Food Protection Committee

9. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
1994- Kansas State “Demonstration” Heat Up
Heat It and They Will Come!
1994- Copesan and Univ. of NE – dF, 20-30% RH for 30 min. Lower Limits to Kill RFB, GR and Whse, Beetles

10. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Ralston, Pillsbury, General Mills, Quaker Oats, Kraft, ConAgra Began to Use Heat More
Non-Scientific Drive to Use Heat Better, Quicker and Cheaper
AOM Published Many Articles

11. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Still Many Nagging Questions?
How Hot, How Long?
I’ll Cause Building/Equipment Damage?
Store Product Insect Efficacy?
Heat Does Not Work?
Chemicals Still Available and Will Be?

12. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
f. Costs Too Much? Takes Too Long?
g. What Type of Heaters and Energy Source?
h. What Energy Source to Use?
i. Cannot Use Heat in Our Plant?

13. Heat Treatments- Past, present and Future
1996- Canada Aggressively Works on Alternatives; Patented Process by Dave Muller- Insect Limited in Indianapolis Looks Promising
Heat (90 dF), CO2 (2-5%) and PH3 (85 ppm) are Targets
Can Manage PH3 Corrosion Risks in Structures

14. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Turning Point in Late ’90’s- Dr. Subi Appointed at Kansas State
Real Scientists and Research Now Done on Heat
Trench Work Confirmed by Science
Drs. Subi, Arthur, Eustace, Dowdy, Menon and Roesili Begin to Make Order From Chaos

15. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Answers to Questions Become Clear
Heater Requirements Based on Heated Area and Equipment Therein
Insect Counts Before and After
Role of Relative Humidity
Costs of ALL Aspects of a Heat Treatment

16. Heat Treatments- Past, present and Future
e. Integrating True IPM to Minimize Re-Infestation
f. Heat, CO2 and Diatomaceous Earth ( Dr. Dowdy)
g. Heat and Conventional Insecticides (Dr. Arthur)

17. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
August 1999, 2000 and Three Very Successful Heat Treatment Workshops at K-State With Simultaneous Demonstration Heat Treatments of Pilot Mills
Attendants Preached the Gospel of Heat and Took Home Valuable Notebooks of Information on Heat! It Does Work and You Can Do It!

18. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Where Are We Today?
Key Heat Data Available:
Effects of Variable Temperatures on RFB Life Stages
Effects of Constant Temperatures
Acclimation? No, Not If Hot Enough, Long Enough

19. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
4. Relative Humidity? Not Critical If Hot Enough
5. Wheat and Flour Will Insulate and Protect
6. Monitor Insect Population Before and After as “Rebounds” Do Occur
7. Pheromone Traps Not Bothered (RFB & CFB Lures Decrease Effectiveness 40% ), Glue OK

20. Heat Treatments- Past Present and Future
8. Sanitation Very Important
9. Temperature Ranges for Efficacy- Species and LIFE Stage Specific: RFB Pupae>Older Larvae>Adults>Young Larvae>Eggs

21. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
Heat Future? Many Variables Will Decide Its Fate!
Depends on Washington, DC, State and Local Legislation
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
Methyl Bromide Critical Use Exemptions
Phosphine Outcome

22. Heat Treatments- Past, present and Future
5. Dow Profume- Sulfuryl Fluoride Labeling
6. Other Fumigants or Insecticides
7. Less Active Ingredient
8. True IPM- Environmental Manipulation, Vacuum, Traps, Baits
9. Prescription Pest Control- Any and ALL Applied by Licensed Personnel Only?

23. Heat Treatments- Past, present and Future
10. Documentation Further Emphasized
11. Pheromone Traps Will Get Better, Contour Mapping, Mass Trapping to Disrupt Mating
12. Sanitary Design, Inspection and Sanitation Cannot Be Avoided.
13. Still Need PEOPLE!

24. Heat Treatments- Past, Present and Future
14. Eco2Fume or Similar
15. Pure Phosphine Delivered From Exterior
16. Spot Treatments versus Whole- Heat or Otherwise
17. Portable Chambers/Units- Heat
18. Heat’s Effectiveness on Museum/Artifact Insects or Sick Building Syndrome