1. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Announcements
Technology of Northern Italy Trip (handout)
Student Employee Needed!!! (See me after class)
HW #1 due on Friday, Jan. 12th (this Friday)
No Class on Monday, Jan. 15th
Class on Wednesday, Jan 17th, at 3:30 in AgH Room 122
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

2. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
New cell wall production and motility
Formation of chemical energy, aerobic respiration from ATP
Cell Handout
Protein synthesis and transport, rough contains ribosomes, smooth transports
Synthesis of proteins
Form and stability to cell, protective barrier
Synthesizes cell wall components
Selective permeable boundary between cell contents and wall,
Cytoplasm: contains organelles, transportation synthesis functions
Plastid that contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis…sunlight to energy in the form of carbs.
Contains pectin, lignon.
Provides support and flexibility between cells
“junkyard”, synthetic and degradative functions (low PH..acidic)
Assist in photosynthesis, respiration, breakdown of “trash” for recycling
RNA
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Contains cell genetic code, cell “brain”, DNA
Nucleoplasm

3. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Epidermis:
clear covering
outermost part of plant
protects plant from loss of water to air
allows gas entry and exit
allows roots to absorb water
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

4. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Parenchyma:
Found in leaves
Either contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis or store food
Collenchyma:
Support leaf or stem
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

5. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Sclerenchyma
Made of either fiber or sclerid
Fibrous: have a secondary cell wall and usually means the cells are dead…give flexibility and support
Sclerid: more pronounced secondary wall and provide hardness…coverings such as nut shells (coconuts, pecans..)
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

6. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Endodermis:
One layer thick
Found in root system
Direct water and minerals from soil to water controlling plant tissue
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

7. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Primary Xylem:
Combination of 4 cell types
Vessel elements
Tracheids
Fibers
Parenchyma cells
All die except parenchyma when they mature
Responsible for water transport in plant, vertical and horizontal movement
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BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

8. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Primary Phloem
Four cell types
Sieve tube
Companion cells
Fiber cells
Parenchyma cells
Storage and lateral transport of food materials
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

9. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Tissues and Functions
Vascular Cambium:
Between xylem and phloem
Provides new cells to xylem and phloem
protects plant from loss of water to air
Cork Cambium:
Outside of phloem
Prevents water loss from the interior of plant
Protects interior from environmental extremes
Example: tree bark
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

10. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Cellular Respiration
Goal:
Convert carbon-containing compounds into energy for life processes
Carried out in the mitochondria
Two Types:
Aerobic: uses oxygen as electron acceptor
Anaerobic: uses other compounds for cellular respirtaion
Both types start with glycolysis
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

11. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Takes a molecule of glucose (6 carbon sugar molecule)
Converts it to pyruvic acid
Changes in molecules happen because of enzymatic activity
Enzymes: protein molecules that facilitate reactions
Involves energy (use, production…)
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BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

12. Anaerobic Respiration
Electron acceptor is NOT oxygen.
AKA…FERMENTATION
Two types of fermentation: lactic acid and alcoholic
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

13. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Aerobic Respiration
Majority of organisms respire aerobically
Terminal electron acceptor is oxygen
Consists of 2 processes:
Kreb’s (aka Citric Acid) Cycle
Electron transport chain
Kreb’s Cycle: produces CO2 and H2O
Electron Transport …transports electrons!!!
From high energy compounds to lower energy compounds
Final receptor is oxygen molecules
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

14. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Respiration
Aerobic respiration is more efficient at producing energy for the plant
Some organisms (known as facultative anaerobes or aerobes) can do either kind of respiration
Example: yeast
With oxygen, use citric cycle and et to produce their energy
Without oxygen, use alcoholic fermentation..produce ethyl alcohol
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

15. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Photosynthesis
Heterotrophs: consume their energy
Autotrophs: produce their own food
Plants are autotrophs
Use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

16. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Photosystem I: absorbs sunlight by chlorophyll molecule
Photosystem II: converts two water molecules into electrons, protons, one water molecule and ½ oxygen molecule.
Electron transfer releases energy
Oxygen is either used in the cycle or given off through respiration
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BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

17. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Photosynthesis
Dark Reactions
Do not require light
AKA carbon fixation reactions
Carbon from CO2 is used to make sugars like glucose
Requires light reaction products (NADPH) and CO2
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

18. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
Photosynthesis
Requries
light for Light Reactions
Water for electron and proton source
Proper temperature for efficiency
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials

19. BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials
HW#2 Assignment: Due 1/19/07
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells
Include graphic(s) of animal cells
Include functions of the cell parts
Put your answer in the form of a Power Point
it to by midnight on 1/19
1/10/07
BAE2022/BAE4400 Physical Properties of Biological Materials