1. Hybrid Cars: How have they improved since introduction?
Aron Geelan
Adam Kirkpatrick

2. Introduction Definitions Electric vs. Internal Combustion
Timeline for Hybrid technology development
The Batteries
Study: Insight vs. Prius
The Future

3. Definitions
Combustion vs. Electric (
Parallel vs. Series Hybrid (
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Full Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
Stop/Start Hybrid
Integrated Starter Alternator with Damping (ISAD)
Integrated Motor Assist (IMA)
Plug-in Hybrid

4. Electric Motor Lots of torque Zero emissions Tax breaks
No transmission needed
Starts more efficiently
Can turn off motor when you stop

5. Gasoline Higher energy density than batteries
1,000 pounds of batteries = 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gas
Cheaper initial cost for car
Hybrids are $ more
Reliable, more history

6. Cost Per Mile Electric vs. Gas

7. Timeline 1839: First electric vehicle
1886: Electric powered taxicab in England
: Significant improvements in battery technology (lead-acid, nickel-iron)
1898: Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid

8. Timeline 1900: Pieper introduced hybrid 1905: Gas-Electric car
1970’s: Arab oil embargo; hybrid VW Taxi
1979: hybrid car built with lawnmower engine
1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium launched major program to produce “super” battery

9. Timeline 1997: Toyota Prius available in Japan
1999: Honda Insight released in US (70 mpg)
2000: Toyota Prius available in US
2002: Honda Civic Hybrid introduced
2004: Toyota Prius II introduced; Ford Escape Hybrid introduced

10. The Batteries Behind It All
Early Prius and Insight NiMH D Cells
Stick Arrangement (

11. Prismatic Ni-MH 15% pack volume reduction 25% pack weight reduction
Less battery module per pack number

12. Metal Case Prismatic Ni-MH
Improvement
14% less volume
40% higher cooling (

13. ECU Electronic Control Unit Regulates temperature and state of charge
Ensures safe and reliable driving

14. Study: Battery Usage and Thermal Performance of Prius and Insight
Honda Insight vs. Toyota Prius

15. Charge, Discharge and SOC

16. Battery Energy and Battery Temperatures

17. Table 1. Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Cars Today
Table 1. Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles
OEM Model Body Style Power Type Fuel Date Introduced/Announced Production Date
Currently in Production
DaimlerChrysler Ram Pickup Contractor Special Truck Mild Hybrid Diesel Nov (Limited)
Ford Escape SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan
General Motors Silverado/Sierra Truck Mild Hybrid Gasoline Jan (Limited)
Honda Accord Sedan IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Honda Insight Coupe IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Dec
Honda Civic Sedan IMA1 Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Lexus RX400h SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Toyota Prius Sedan Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Jun
Toyota Highlander SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Suzuki Twin Mini Hybrid Gasoline Nov (Japan)
Toyota Estima Minivan Parallel Hybrid Gasoline Jun-01 In Japan Only
Toyota Crown Sedan Mild Hybrid Gasoline Aug-01 In Japan Only
Toyota Alphard Minivan Hybrid Gasoline Jul-03 In Japan Only
Planned for Production
Ford Fusion Sedan Full Hybrid Gasoline Apr
General Motors Silverado/Sierra & Tahoe/Yukon Truck & SUV Strong Hybrid Gasoline Nov
General Motors Equinox SUV Hybrid Gasoline Jan
General Motors Malibu Sedan BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Jan
General Motors Graphyte SUV Full Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Hyundai Click Sedan Hybrid Gasoline Nov /06 (Korea)
Mercury Mariner SUV Full Hybrid Gasoline Apr (limited)
2006 (full)
Nissan Altima Sedan Hybrid Gasoline Jun
Saturn Vue SUV BAS2 Hybrid Gasoline Jan
Toyota Camry Sedan Unknown Gasoline Unknown Unknown
Toyota Sienna Minivan Hybrid Gasoline
Recent Concepts - Production Plans Unknown
Honda ASM Minivan IMA1 hybrid Gasoline Oct-03 Unknown
Ford Focus C-MAX Sedan Hydrogen ICE Hydrogen Jul-04 Unknown
Daewoo S3X SUV Unknown Unknown Oct-04 Unknown
Opal Astra Sedan Unknown Diesel Jan-04 Unknown
Mercury Meta One Unknown Hybrid Diesel Jan-04 Unknown
Mercury Milan Unknown Unknown Unknown Jan-04 Unknown
1 Integrated motor assist.
2 Belt alternator starter.
(Source: Collected by Robb Barnitt and Leslie Eudy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, from various sources)
Table from

18. Future of Hybrid Hybrid buses Tax Break Increase ~1,000 in use Seattle
California
Tax Break Increase

19. Toyota Hybrid Sports Car
Future of Hybrid Cars
Toyota Volta
3.3 liter V6 gas engine
408 horsepower
30 miles per gallon
Toyota Hybrid Sports Car

20. Summary Definitions Electric vs. Internal Combustion
Timeline for Hybrid technology development
The Batteries
Study: Insight vs. Prius
The Future