3. Osmosis Posmotic = nRT/V =(n/V) * RT = i M * R’T i: van’t Hoff factor
M: molarity
R: J/k mol
R’: L atm/K mol

6. Unequal distribution Intracellualr Extracellular
+: K+ > Mg + > Na +
-: PO4 2- > Protein > HCO3-
Extracellular
+: Na + > K + > Ca 2+
-: Cl- > HCO3- > Protein

8. Bert Sakmann
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991

22. Ferbeyre G, Lowe SW. Nature 415, 26-27

23. Take home message Membrane transport Cell cycle
Passive: simple diffusion / osmosis / facilitated diffusion (channel/carrier mediated)
Active transport
Cell cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase