1. Cognitive factors in learning

2. Latent Learning
Latent Learning- learning that occurs but remains hidden until you need it
You have a cognitive map of where things are even if you don’t know it.
You know where your classes are in this school, but no one walked you around and showed you each of your classes.
Imagine you take the same route to school everyday, but you never stop anywhere along the way. If a friend said, “Pick me up at the corner store on the way,” you would know where that is, even though you never stop there.

3. Observational Learning
Observational Learning (aka modeling)- learning by watching somebody and imitating them
You don’t know how to get a soda from a vending machine.
You’re new in a class and am not sure how to behave.
Accounts for much of human learning
Learn to speak, eat, and play at least partly by observing others

4. Effects of Media Violence
Not all observational learning is good
TV is one of our major sources of informal observational learning
Children are routinely exposed to scenes of violence
If a child watches two hours of TV a day, they will see 100,000 acts of violence by graduation
APA says it supplies models of aggressive scripts, kids are more likely to view violence as an acceptable of settling conflicts, can lead to emotional desensitization, can lead to real life violence

5. Behavior Modification
Principles of cognitive learning can be used to change or modify behavior
Psychologists and teachers tend to use this quite a lot

6. Classroom Discipline
Teachers who pay attention to students who misbehave may unintentionally be reinforcing the bad behavior
Teachers are taught to pay attention to students when they are behaving appropriately and ignore misbehavior
If misbehavior is ignored it could become extinct
However if you ignore misbehavior it may encourage others to act out
Teachers could also choose to put a student in timeout where they will get no attention or activities

7. Token Economies
Token Economies- people are “paid” to act correctly ;money can be traded in for rewards
As a result of wanting the “money” for the reward, behavior could be altered
Have been used in schools, prisons, and public housing complexes
Critics say that it doesn’t permanently change behavior. They believe that when the system ends, the unwanted behavior returns.

8. Personal Contracts
Personal Contract- Your own behavior modification program
First, identify a behavior you want to change
Second, set a goal for a new behavior
Finally, create a system of rewards or punishments for yourself
Usually use punishments and rewards for this

9. Violence in Media Think of TV, movies, computer, and video games.
Rate the level of violence for these examples.
To what extent does violence contribute to marketability?
Would People still buy it if the violence was removed or turned down?
What is your personal opinion of violence in the media?
Does the fact that something contains violence make you more or less likely to see it?
Should the government step in and tone down the violence?

10. Psychology in Advertising
Brainstorm about some advertisements you have seen for specific products. Which are the most memorable? MAKE A LIST OF 3
Choose one product’s advertisement and write about it. Describe the ad. Identify any psychological “tricks” the advertisers use. Explain how this helps to sell the product.

11. QUESTIONS What is modeling? What are token economies?
Why does observational learning account for much human learning?
Give an example of an event in your life in which you applied latent learning?
What is your opinion about violence in video games and its effect on young people?
Which technique of behavior modification do you think would be most successful?
Think of a student behavior that exists at your school that a teacher or principal might want to change. Then devise a way to change that behavior by using behavior modification techniques.