1. STAAR Notebook 3

2. Cell Cycle and Mitosis

3. The purpose of cell division is to create two identical daughter cells.
Multicellular organisms grow through
repeated cell divisions. Full grown
humans contain trillions of cells!

4. Interphase contains the G1, S and G2 phases of cell division.
90% of the cell cycle
is spent in interphase!
Interphase contains the G1, S
and G2 phases of cell division.
Checkpoints occur at different
stages of the cell cycle to insure
healthy daughter cells!
The S Phase is when cells
synthesize a new set of DNA!
During the S Phase, DNA is
replicated so that the cell
contains 2 complete sets!

5. Mitosis is the process that allows each daughter cell to contain a complete set of DNA.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Spindle fibers
attach to
chromosomes
and line them up
Spindle fibers
separate the
chromosomes
into two sets
Nuclei reform
around each set
of DNA
Chromosomes
condense and
nucleus dissolves
Cytokinesis completes cell
division. The cell is split
apart into two daughter cells.

6. STAAR Questions
Cell Cycle and Mitosis

7. D

8. H

9. B

10. B

11. G

12. J

13. Cell Differentiation

14. Every cell in your body contains a complete set of DNA.
Remember: Gene expression is a regulated process. Cells can turn
genes ON or OFF so that only the genes needed by a cell are activated!
Stem cells are undifferentiated
cells that can become different
specialized cells.
Chemical signals and other
environmental factors direct
the differentiation of stem cells.

15. STAAR Questions
Cell Differentiation

16. J

17. C

18. Disruption to the Cell Cycle and Cancer

19. Tumor Cell division is a regulated process, but
disruptions to the cell cycle can occur.
When cells divide too rapidly,
they can form tumors.
Tumor
Oncogenes are mutated genes that
cause normal cells to become
cancer cells. These cancer cells
repeat the cell cycle continuously!
The drugs used to treat
diseases like cancer target the
cell cycle to stop cells from
reproducing uncontrollably.

20. Disruptions to the Cell Cycle and Cancer
STAAR Questions
Disruptions to the Cell Cycle and Cancer

21. G

22. F

23. Meiosis

24. Organisms that sexually reproduce have 2 copies of each chromosome.
Pairs of chromosomes with
equivalent genetic information are
called homologous chromosomes.
During meiosis, homologous
chromosome recombine through a
process called crossing-over.
Meiosis is the process that
creates gamete cells like
sperm and egg cells.
Meiosis increases genetic variations
in a species. This increased genetic diversity can help a species adapt!
Meiosis reduces the number of
chromosomes in gamete cells.
Gametes have 1/2 the chromosomes.

25. STAAR Questions
Meiosis

26. J

27. C

28. A

29. Body Systems

30. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system
absorbs oxygen gas (O2) into
the body which is needed for
cellular respiration. The
respiratory system also
releases carbon dioxide gas
(CO2) from of the body.
The circulatory system
distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells all over the body and carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells.

31. NERVOUS SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients needed for the growth and repair of the
body. It is aided by bacteria that live in the intestines and help break down complex nutrients.
The nervous system responds to stimuli from inside and outside the body. It controls the body’s actions and its responses to any changes. All five senses are part of the nervous system.

32. MUSCULAR SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM The muscular system is
responsible for all of the body’s movements, both voluntary (jumping, chewing, walking, etc.) and involuntary (breathing, stomach churning, heart pumping, etc.).
The bones of the skeletal system provide the structure and support needed for movements and protect
your internal organs. Bones store minerals and produce blood cells in the bone marrow.

33. INTEGUMENTARY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SYSTEM
Hormones are chemical signals produced by the glands of the endocrine system. Hormones help maintain homeostasis and
control growth and development.
Skin is the primary organ of the
integumentary system. It
serves as a protective barrier
around your body preventing
water loss and helping to
control body temperature.

34. IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The immune system is made of
white blood cells and
antibodies that protect your
body from infection. HIV
attacks a special type of white
blood cell called a T helper cell.
The lymphatic system removes fluid from around cells and returns it to the circulatory system. As this fluid passes through lymph nodes, white blood cells attack and kill parasites found in the fluid.

35. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM The reproductive system
produces the gamete cells needed for sexual reproduction inside the gonads (testes or ovaries). The male gamete cells are called sperm, and the female gamete cells are called eggs.
The excretory system removes waste from the body and helps the body maintain homeostasis
by preventing the buildup of
excess fluid and solid material within the body.

36. STAAR Questions
Body Systems

37. C

38. C

39. H

40. A

41. B

42. J

43. C

44. Levels of Organization

45. CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGANISM ORGANISM POPULATION COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM
ORGAN SYSTEM
Cells are the
basic building
blocks of every
organism.
Tissues are
groups of
specialized cells.
Organs are made of tissues and perform specific functions in the body.
Organ systems are groups of organs working together to perform a function.
Organisms are complete living things.
ORGANISM
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
An organism is a single, complete living thing. (Organism = 1 living thing)
A population is all the members of a single species living in an area.
A community contains all of the different living
things in an area.
An ecosystem contains all of the living and nonliving components in an area.

46. Levels of Organization
STAAR Questions
Levels of Organization

47. C

48. H

49. A

50. Quiz Next Class!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Study STAAR 3 for Quiz next class!
Will count double in the gradebook!