1. Unit 3 Notes: Cancer,
Mutations,
& Karyotyping

3. (1) Mutations: Mutation: Mutations Effect:
Change in DNA sequence (gene)
Changes protein produced
Mutations Effect:
All cells with that gene
Mitosis
Meiosis

5. (2) Mutations & Cell Division:
Mitosis: (Somatic Cells)
Possible Results:
Damage structure
Cannot function
Cancer?
Meiosis: (Sex Cells/Gametes)
Possible Results :
Affect any zygote produced from mutated gamete
If zygote (w/mutation) develops:
Every cell will contain mutation
Germ cells will contain mutation  Next Generation

6. (3) Cancer: Disease Spreads through blood + lymph.
Abnormal cells divide and grow w/o control
Abnormal cells invade other tissues
Spreads through blood + lymph.
More than 100 known types, named by origin.
Tumor:
Not always cancerous.
Result of uncontrolled cell growth
Mass of tissue

8. (4) Karyotyping:
Look at chromosome pairs to identify chromosomal-disorders.
Process:
Stain DNA.
Organize longest  shortest.
Organize by banding pattern.
Sex chromosomes at the end.
Look for too many, missing, shortened, or lengthened chromosomes.

9. (5) Chromosomes: Sex Chromosomes: Normal Numbers: Male = X and Y
Female = X and X
Normal Numbers:
23 pairs OR 46 total

12. (6) Down Syndrome: Chromosomes: Physical Characteristics:
Trisomy 21 = 3 chromosomes at #21
Total = 47 chromosomes
Physical Characteristics:
Round-Asian-Like Facial features, short stature, heart defects
Shorter lifespan
Prone to Alzheimer’s and leukemia

13. (7) Patau Syndrome: Chromosomes: Physical Characteristics:
Trisomy 13 = 3 chromosomes at #13
Total = 47 chromosomes
Physical Characteristics:
Eye, Brain and Circulatory defects
Cleft Palate
Death typical w/in months of birth

14. (8) Edward’s Syndrome: Chromosomes: Physical Characteristics:
Trisomy 18 = 3 chromosomes at #18
Total = 47 chromosomes
Physical Characteristics:
Every organ defected
Death w/in months after birth

15. (9) Klinefelter Syndrome:
Chromosomes:
XXY
Total = 47 chromosomes
Physical Characteristics:
Male sex organs, but underdeveloped + sterile
Other feminine body characteristics
Normal intelligence

16. (10) Turner’s Syndrome: Chromosomes: Physical Characteristics:
Only 1 X chromosome
Total = 45 chromosomes
Physical Characteristics:
Female
Do not mature sexually + are sterile
Short stature
Normal Intelligence
(Most die before birth)