1. Towards a Water Scarcity and Drought Indicator System (WSDiS)
Maggie Kossida - Ifigeneia Koutiva - Christos Makropoulos
National Technical University of Athens

2. General Principles of a WSDiS
Water Scarcity, results from an imbalance between water availability, and water demand, in different sectors.
Need to ground the selection of specific indicators in the problem at hand, rather than proceed in selecting indicators abstractly.
Avoid long lists of indicators, which may have been “correct” but not necessarily relevant.
This complexity requires a step-by-step approach in developing indicators: allow questions of relevance and completeness to be answered throughout.
Suggestion: main water uses are identified and are used as a check list to develop a comprehensive (but relevant) Water Scarcity indicator system

3. WISE-SoE Stable Data Flow
Objectives of a WSDiS
Reliable information appropriate temporal and spatial resolution) required for decision-making
Supported by data from MS and Stakeholders
Scientifically sound and representative indicators
Operationally useful indices based on multiple indicators
A basis for assessment of WS conditions taking into account both demand, supply and availability issues (i.e. both socioeconomic and environmental dimensions)
WISE-SoE Stable Data Flow
WSDiS

4. Agricultural Sector
RESPONSES
Economic
Technical (Infrastructure and Good Farming Practices)
Legislative
Educational
STATE
Water quantity
Water quality
Soil Quality
Infrastructure
Economic State
PRESSURES
Anomalies in physical parameters
Water demand
Pressure on water supply infrastructure
Pollution, Fertilizer and pesticide use
Land cover change
Soil erosion
DRIVERS
Climatic changes
Population growth
Land use
Economy
Agricultural practices/Farm management
Farmers perception / education
IMPACTS
Water resources
Environmental
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts
The DPSIR: a thinking framework for the development and categorisation of indicators
Implies a certain causality
Allows for feedback loops

5. Domestic / Public Water Supply
RESPONSES
Economic
Technical
Legislative
Educational
STATE
Water quantity
Water quality (status of water bodies)
Land cover
Infrastructure
Education
PRESSURES
Anomalies in physical parameters
Population
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Pressure on water supply infrastructure
Pollution
Land cover change
DRIVERS
Climatic changes
Population change (growth, migration, urbanisation)
Living conditions (economy, social perceptions)
IMPACTS
Water resources
Environmental
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts

6. Industrial Sector DRIVERS RESPONSES Climatic changes Economic
Technical
Legislative
Educational
STATE
Water quantity
Status of water bodies
Land cover
Infrastructure
PRESSURES
Anomalies in physical parameters
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Pressure on water supply infrastructure
Pollution
Land cover change
DRIVERS
Climatic changes
IMPACTS
Water resources
Environmental
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts

7. Energy Sector DRIVERS RESPONSES Climatic changes Economic Technical
Legislative
Educational
STATE
Water quantity
Status of water bodies
Land cover
Infrastructure
PRESSURES
Anomalies in physical parameters
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Pressure on water supply infrastructure
Pollution
Land cover change
DRIVERS
Climatic changes
IMPACTS
Water resources
Environmental
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts

8. Tourism Sector DRIVERS RESPONSES Climatic changes Economic
Technical
Legislative
Educational
STATE
Water quantity
Status of water bodies
Land cover
Infrastructure
Education
Population
PRESSURES
Anomalies in physical parameters
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Water supply infrastructure
Pollution
Land cover change
DRIVERS
Climatic changes
Population Growth
Tourism Infrastructure
IMPACTS
Water resources
Environmental
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts

9. Methodological approach/steps & progress
Capturing the full problem: Drought and Water Scarcity (environmental and socio-economic dimension)  policy relevance √
Selecting the appropriate Framework (DPSIR)
Adopting a sector-based approach (water uses) & Populating each use with indicators (extended sets of indicators)
Criteria development – screening of indicators
Pilot RBDs testing (data availability survey 06/2009)
(data request 02/2010)
In progress
Assessment, selection for the final set of indicators
Creation of fact sheets and situation assessments

10. WSDiS: Process and current state (√)
Energy
Domestic Water Supply
Tourism
Agriculture
Industry
Legislative
Technical
Economic
RESPONSES
Educational
STATE
Land cover
Status of water bodies
Water quantity
Infrastructure
Anomalies in physical parameters
PRESSURES
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Pressure on water supply infrastructure
Land cover change
Pollution
Climatic changes
DRIVERS
Environmental
Water resources
IMPACTS
Socio-economic
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts
Legislative
Technical
Economic
RESPONSES
Educational
Water quantity
STATE
Infrastructure
Land cover
Status of water bodies
Population
Education
Anomalies in physical parameters
PRESSURES
Water demand (water use, water abstraction)
Water supply infrastructure
Land cover change
Pollution
Population Growth
Climatic changes
DRIVERS
Tourism Infrastructure
Socio-economic
Environmental
Water resources
IMPACTS
Drivers result in pressures
Responses can change a driver
Responses can be a driver for change
Impacts call for responses
Responses can mitigate impacts
Pressures have impacts
Which (adversely) change the state
Which we understand by monitoring the state
Changes of state have impacts √ √ √ √ √
First comprehensive set of indicators for each use √ √ √ √ √ √
Data availability Survey (06/2009)
Screened set of indicators for each use (narrowed down) Based on specific criteria (e.g. suitability, data availability, reproducibility, capacity if integration, clarity, diagnostic ability etc.
PILOT RBDs testing √
Data Request (02/2010)
Final set of indicators Assessments

11. Pilot RBDs participation
The Pilot RBDs are requested to provide as many indicators as possible
To test the applicability and usefulness of the indicators
To create pilot Water Scarcity and Drought assessments
To select the final screened set of indicators

12. Pilot RBDs - data availability survey
Data availability survey (06/2009) based on the Agriculture, Domestic / Public Water Supply and Industrial Sector.
4 responders (3 Italian & 1 Slovakian RBDs)
ITALY
APPENNINO SETTENTRIONALE- SUB-UNIT ARNO RIVER BASIN
DISTRETTO PILOTA DEL FIUME SERCHIO
APPENNINO MERIDIONALE
SLOVAKIA HRON
Area of selected RBD (km2)
9.000
1.565
66.800
5.464,64
Indicator Categories
# of available indicators / requested indicators
(percent of available indicators out of the requested)
Water
40/57 (70%)
28/57 (49%)
47/57 (82%)
25/57 (44%)
Socioeconomic
26/40 (65%)
4/ (10%)
30/40 (75%)
6/ (15%)
Environmental
6/ (67%)
1/ (11%)
7/ (78%)
Total
72/106 (68%)
33/106 (31%)
84/106 (79%)
37/106 (35%)
Any more???

13. Pilot RBDs - data request
Use of the WQ Reporting Tool for the WISE-SoE#3 “State and Quantity of Water Resources Reporting” for the water indicators
Provide data for the available socioeconomic & environmental indicators for all sectors using the provided Excel workbook “socio-economic data”

14. Pilot RBDs - data request
DRIVERS
Changes in P, ET
Change in population (increase/decrease) within the RBD (DE)
Change of rural population. (D)
Net migration
Distribution of rooms per person (D)
Nights spent at hotels and similar establishments (T)
Tourist arrivals (T)
Seasonal workers in the tourism sector (which are not permanent residents) (T)
Change of income generated per sector (+/-) (AIET)
Yield (tones) per irrigated area (A)
Yield (tones) per crop type (A)
% crop type per irrigated area (A)
KWh produced per energy production plant: coal, nuclear, geothermal, waste incineration, hydroelectric, solar, wind, bioenergy (E)
RESPONSES
Volume of recycled water / returned flows by source / reused water used / treated return water / additional water resources (water imports, desalinated water) used for all sectors
New metering systems installation
# of programmes raising awareness and training initiatives
Water restrictions frequency (# of days)
# (or %) of properties (houses, facilities etc) affected from water restrictions
Water restrictions level (moderate, enhanced)
# (or %) of properties (houses, facilities etc) with water saving technologies
# of beds in tourism facilities where water wise practices are implemented (savings, reuse etc) (T)
# of industrial facilities where water wise practices are implemented (savings, reuse etc) (I)
Existence of Drought Management Plans (yes/no)
Area under good farming practices (GFP) (A)
Total public expenditures to develop and promote water saving programmes and measures
Environmental charges as % of Water Tariff
Domestic Water charges as % of household income (D)
Industrial Water charges as % of industrial income (I)
PRESSURES
Water abstraction per source for public water systems and for self supply
Water use per sector and per large item
Export of water
# new wells for sectoral water self supply. (ADIT)
# new licenses for surface water abstraction (ADIT)
# new public water supply connections for water uses (ADIT)
Change in landuse within the region
Urban and Rural Population density (D)
IMPACTS
Reduction of stream flow
Reduction in water availability (m3) from surface and groundwater sources
Areal extent Saltwater intrusion (as %)
Concentration of N, P in rivers, lakes and GW (EEA CSI020)
% of area under desertification
Soil erosion (tonnes/ha)
Frequency of Water service interruption (days per year)
Total economic loss due to drought hazards
Total public expenditures for drought and water scarcity mitigation
Frequency of low pressure incidents (# of days)
# (or %) of properties (houses, facilities etc) subject to low pressure
Note:
The brackets show the initials of the sectors that the indicator can be used for.
(Agriculture, Domestic, Industry, Energy, Tourism)
The indicators that are not followed from brackets with initials can be used for all the sectors
The indicators in Bold are to be reported through the WQ Tool, and the remaining through the xls provided file
STATE
Water balance / Reservoir and Ground water Storage / Streamflow / Wells
External resources used (over total resources used)
Population connected to public water supply
% of area covered by water metering systems
Coverage (ha) of each type of irrigation system
Land use
Income generated per sector
Educational level of general population and farmers
Irrigated and irrigable area (ha) (A)
Nitrates and Pesticides in surface (rivers, lakes) and groundwater
% wetland areas
Water Tariff per sector
Public spending in water sector (net number in € or % of the Total public spending)
Investments in water supply infrastructures: Reservoirs, Desalination plants

15. The “WQ Reporting Tool”
Basic concepts:
Regional & temporal disaggregation
minimum spatial reporting unit = SUBUNIT
minimum temporal reporting scale = MONTH
Requested data streamlining with JQ IWA
Flexibility
User friendly – no installation required
Coherent and comprehensive data flow
Help manual & Online Help
Import routines
Pre-filling (for next reporting years)
24/7 support   
EIONET CIRCA/WISE link: WQReportingTool_1_0_2

16. The WQ Reporting Tool - views