1. Dec. 17, 2018
You need:
Clean paper (2) / Pencil
HW: Internet choice parent signature.
Warm Up:
Explain how the hand-warmer froze, but your hand felt warm.
I CAN: determine how heat is transferred in the atmosphere and creates wind.

2. Any of your work!!
Name
Date
Period
Title
Name
Date
Period 1.
No.

3. S L G States of Matter olid iquid as ADD heat Melting ADD heat
Subtract heat
Freezing (crystals)
Subtract heat
Condensation S L G
olid
iquid as
Most kids KNOW the info, but haven’t put in the vocabulary – and some just totally flub the idea of SUBTRACTING heat…they want to “add cold” which leads to a great discussion about heat energy (not cold energy). Cold is a descriptive word that describes the absence of heat energy.
I make the kids draw this chart out multiple times.
ADD heat
Melting
ADD heat
Evaporation

4. Demo – hand-warmer
Explain the hand-warmer demo Ms.Garris showed.

5. Gas
Shape? Movement?
How do we know it’s there?
Does gravity affect it?

6. Gas
Atmosphere…air
Blanket of air wrapped around the earth.
Made of…

7. How long will the candle burn?
21% Oxygen in all Jars – but that equals a smaller amount of oxygen in a small jar
Largest Jar = ____ sec
Medium Jar = ____ sec
Small Jar = ____ sec

8. Mixture of Gases in Air All Other Gases Argon = 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%

9. Why is the atmosphere important?
Has oxygen that living things need to survive.
Traps energy from the sun keeping earth warm
Protects living things from dangerous radiation from the sun.

10. Let’s make a model!
Write the notes ONTO the correct layer.
Add color to the layers and the pictures.
Cut out the layers and the pictures.
Assemble on your notebook paper.
**Be careful to place them low enough on the page so that they don’t stick out of the top of your binder!!**

11. TROPOSPHERE Thinnest Layer (0-12 km)
Average Temperature of 25°C (Temperature drops as you go higher)
All of Earth’s weather happens here.
Air here contains water & dust.
Most of the atmosphere’s air is here (this layer is very dense).

12. STRATOSPHERE 10-50 km above earth’s surface
There is almost no water or dust in this layer.
Contains the OZONE LAYER (which absorbs UV radiation from the sun)
Very cold, until the top of the layer, where it warms to 0°C.

13. MESOSPHERE 50-80 km above Earth’s surface.
Temperature plunges to -90°C (the coldest in the atmosphere)
Meteors burn up here while entering the atmosphere.

14. THERMOSPHERE Thickest layer (80-400 km above Earth’s surface).
Air is extremely thin. Atmospheric gases fade into outer space.
Temperature can spike to 1,800°C.

15. Earth’s atmosphere makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things:
It traps energy from the sun keeping the Earth warm.
The heat also keeps water in liquid form (good for life)
It protects Earth from dangerous radiation and meteor collisions.

16. DENSITY
PRESSURE
and

17. Which is heavier…
A basketball?
Or a bowling ball?

18. Or a styrofoam block of the same size?
Which is heavier…
A metal block?
Or a styrofoam block of the same size?

19. Size Doesn’t Matter!
Objects that are the same size could have very different masses!
All materials are made of small particles called molecules…

20. They may be closely packed, like in a heavy metal block…
DENSITY
The molecules in different objects are arranged differently.
They may be closely packed, like in a heavy metal block…

21. Or they could be spaced out, like in a styrofoam block.
DENSITY
The molecules in different objects are arranged differently.
Or they could be spaced out, like in a styrofoam block.

22. DENSITY LOW density HIGH density
DENSITY describes how closely packed the particles of an object are.
HIGH density
LOW density

23. Stand at your desk. How closely are you packed? Let’s Try It!
Now move into the tape square. How closely are you packed?
HIGH Density

24. How does this relate to air?
We know that air has mass…
Air molecules are spread very far apart compared to molecules in a solid, like metal.
Which means that air is also made of molecules.

25. How does this relate to air?
Even though air molecules are spread far apart, the air in our atmosphere stretches up over 60 miles!
The air above your head actually weighs about as much as a school bus!
It doesn’t crush you, though, because it is pushing on all sides.

26. How does this relate to air?
This pushing of air is called AIR PRESSURE.
You felt PRESSURE when you were crammed into the tape square.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Air at LOW DENSITY also has LOW PRESSURE
Air at HIGH DENSITY also has HIGH PRESSURE

27. Spread out for low density Closely packed for high density
Density Columns
If you drew in the molecules for your density column, what would it look like?
Spread out for low density
Closely packed for high density

28. Exploring Air with Syringes
Today, you will investigate air with syringes and tubing – work on your own or with your group.
What happens to the air in the syringe when you push/pull on the plunger?
What if you have 2 syringes connected?
*SAFETY – Be careful with the materials! Do not point either end of the syringe at another student.

29. Exploring Air with Syringes
Dec. 14, 2018
Question: What can we do to air in a syringe?
Observations:
Write 3 observations from your investigation.
Conclusions:
1) What can air do? (that a solid or liquid can’t do…)
2) Write down 1 more question...
*SAFETY – Be careful with the materials! Do not point either end of the syringe at another student.

30. Exploring Air with Syringes
Based on the investigation,
What can air do?
A few words you need to know…
COMPRESS – means to squeeze into a smaller space
DENSITY – how closely molecules are packed together
AIR PRESSURE – the force of air pushing on stuff
COMPRESS

31. Air Pressure in a Syringe
Which syringe has the air under more pressure?
Low Pressure
& Less Dense
High Pressure
& More Dense

32. Air Pressure in a Balloon
Is the air pressure inside a balloon greater than or less than the surrounding air?
Higher Pressure & More Dense
Lower Pressure & Less Dense

33. Air Pressure at Different Altitudes
Is air pressure greater at sea level or on top of a mountain?
Lower Air Pressure
Mountains
(High altitude)
Higher Air Pressure
Sea Level (Low altitude)

34. Air Pressure at Different Altitudes
Magic Balloon: If I want it to be bigger, should I take it to the mountains or the beach?
Mountains (High altitude)
Sea Level (Low altitude)

35. Back to your notes page…
Altitude, or elevation, is the distance above sea level.
As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.
Air pressure decreases and this also means that density decreases.
Low density can make it difficult to breathe (due to less oxygen)

36. Air pressure
Air pressure – the result of weight of a column of air pushing down on an area, measured by an instrument known as a barometer.
Barometer = Air pressure

37. Exploring Air with Syringes
Based on the investigation:
What can air do?
A few words you need to know…
Compress – means to squeeze into a smaller space
Density – the amount of mass (stuff) in a certain amount of space (volume)
Air Pressure – the force of air pushing on stuff
Barometer – a tool that measures air pressure
COMPRESS

38. What happened?
The fire heats up the air inside the bottle and makes it expand – pushing some air out.
When the fire goes out, the air cools and contracts (takes up less space), creating LOW pressure in the bottle.
Suddenly the HIGH air pressure outside the bottle can "push" the egg inside.

39. Marshmallow in jar…
Which picture is simulating mountain top and which is simulating sea level?
Explain your answer.

40. HEAT TRANSFER

41. How does heat move?
Heat can be transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.

42. Radiation, Conduction, or Convection?
You feel the warmth of the sun’s rays on your face outside.
You notice your macaroni moving up and down in the boiling water.
At the beach, you step on the hot sand and it burns your feet.
RADIATION
CONVECTION
CONDUCTION

43. RADIATION
Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation does not need any material to travel through!
Energy from the sun gets to us through radiation.

44. CONDUCTION
Conduction is the direct transfer of heat from one material to another that is touching it.
When a faster-moving molecule bumps into a slower-moving molecule, the slower one speeds up.
Conduction works best in solids.
Metal is a good conductor – the heat moves to the girl’s hand.
Wood is not a good conductor.

45. CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of particles in a fluid (liquid or gas).
As fluids heat up or cool down, their density changes. Lower-density materials will rise above higher-density materials.

46. Cold air moves pretty slowly, and stays pretty tightly packed together:

47. Hot air, on the other hand, goes really fast and expands to fill more space.

48. So, hot air is LESS DENSE than cold air.

49. So, since hot air is less dense than the surrounding air, it rises, leaving a low-density, low-pressure area behind.
Low pressure

50. This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!!
Nearby cold air can then rush in to fill low-pressure area left by the rising hot air.
This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!!

51. UNEVEN HEATING
The uneven heating of the air that causes wind is created not only by different colors on Earth’s surface, but also by:
Different surfaces (grass vs. snow vs. water, etc.)
Pollution in some areas
Different amounts of sunlight due to seasons, clouds, etc.

52. So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach.
During the day, the air over the sand is hotter than the air over the water because the water takes longer to heat up in the Sun.
So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach.
WARMER
COOLER

53. So the wind blows toward the ocean at night.
But at night, the air over the water is warmer than the air over the sand, because water HOLDS heat longer than the ground.
So the wind blows toward the ocean at night.
COOLER
WARMER

54. Sea Breeze

55. Land Breeze

56. Climate vs Weather Global vs Local winds
LARGE scale = overall pattern, trend
small scale = daily, weekly, small times
Global vs Local winds
LARGE scale = Over the entire Earth
small scale = tiny area…usually land beside water.

57. Global winds 1 2 3 4 5 Polar easterlies Prevailing westerlies
Horse latitudes 4
Trade winds 5
Equator / Doldrums

58. United States of America

59. Coriolis Effect – the effect on the air caused by the rotation of the earth.

60. Water in the Atmosphere

61. Earth is called the “Water Planet”
71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
Water is essential for LIFE on earth.

62. Water on earth’s surface is easy to see…
Oceans
Lakes
Rivers
Glaciers
But what about water in earth’s atmosphere???

63. Water in the atmosphere
It’s less obvious than surface water, but there are many signs of water in the atmosphere:
Rain, Snow, Drizzle
Clouds & Fog
Hot days that feel “muggy” or “humid”
Dew on the grass in the morning

64. Water Cycle
The movement of water between the atmosphere and earth’s surface is the water cycle.

65. How does water get into the air?
EVAPORATION – is the process where liquid water molecules escape into the air as water vapor.
3 things affect how quickly water evaporates:
1) Temperature
2) Wind
3) Humidity of the air

66. How much water can air hold?
HUMIDITY is the measure of how much water vapor is in the air.
TEMPERATURE affects how much water vapor the air can hold…
Warm Air
Cold Air
holds MORE water vapor.
holds LESS water vapor.
That’s why air feels more “HUMID” on hot days!

67. What is the “Dew Point”?
As air cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreases.
At a certain temperature, the water vapor in the air will CONDENSE back into water droplets or ice.
This temperature is the “DEW POINT”.

68. What is the “Dew Point”?
So, when the air temperature equals the “Dew Point” temperature, the air cannot hold any more water.
That means relative humidity is 100%!

69. Ever wondered about why the grass (or a car windshield) is wet in the morning?
Overnight, the temperature dropped below the “dew point” temperature, and the water in the air condensed into water droplets on the grass.

70. Watch the BrainPop video on “Humidity”. Write down 3 things you learned.