1. Athens and Sparta

2. Ancient Greece was not united!
Geography
City-states began to emerge because Greece was divided by geographic features
Rugged mountains
Islands and bodies of water
Ancient Greece was not united!

3. City-States Polis- A Greek city-state
City-states were governed differently
Monarchy- Ruled by a king or queen
Oligarchy- Ruled by a small group whose authority is usually based on power
Aristocracy- Ruled by wealthy citizens, sometimes based on heredity
Tyranny- Ruled by a military leader who overthrew the previous government
Democracy- Ruled by the people

4. Athens Athens became the world’s first direct democracy
Citizens participated in major government decisions
Solon- A man who made a law that all free male citizens are allowed to vote (no matter how poor)

5. Training
When males turned 18, they took a pledge to defend Athens and its gods
Males were required to train and serve in the military
After the military, males were chosen to participate in the government of Athens

6. Limits to Democracy Athenian democracy was only for males
Women, slaves, and others that were not born in Athens had no political or legal rights
As a result, Athens was ruled by a minority, not a majority of its residents

7. Education
Boys went to school and studied poetry, music, geometry, astronomy, geography, and public speaking
Boys also participated in sports like wrestling, swimming, running, discus and javelin
Girls stayed at home and learned to be wives and mothers
Girls usually married between the ages of 14-16

8. Philosophers
Socrates ( BC): A philosopher who taught people to search for truth. He often questioned authority and angered government leaders

9. Philosophers
Plato ( BC): A student of Socrates. He established a school called “The Academy” and taught students philosophy, science, and math. He also wrote “The Republic”, a book that describes the ideal form of government

10. Philosophers
Aristotle ( BC): A student of Plato. He opened his own school called “The Lyceum”. He wrote hundreds of essays on government and science. Eventual teacher of Alexander the Great.

11. Dramatists
Aeschylus ( BC), Sophocles ( BC), and Euripides ( BC) wrote plays called “The Tragedies”. These plays dealt with war, death, justice, and the gods.
Aristophanes ( BC) wrote comedies. He often made fun of politicians and philosophers

12. Poets Homer- The most famous of the Ancient Greek poets.
He wrote “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey”
The Odyssey is a sequel and tells the story of the war hero Odysseus and his journey home after the Trojan War
The Iliad is set in the city of Troy during the Trojan War and tells the story of the warrior Achilles

13. Sparta
Sparta was much different than Athens. They ignored new ideas and focused on building a strong military. They lived a very basic lifestyle.
Others considered Spartan life to be harsh and had no desire to live this way
The Spartans isolated themselves from the rest of Greece

14. Way of Life All males were required to be soldiers
At the age of 7, all males were sent to military training camps
Spartan males were required to marry by the age of 30
They served in the military until age 60

15. Women Women had equal rights with men in Sparta
They had more freedom than women of any other Greek city-state
They also went through military training because they would be counted on to defend Sparta in case of an attack

16. Trade and Agriculture
Spartan citizens were not allowed to participate in trade or manufacturing
Non-citizens carried out these activities
Helots: Non-Spartan slaves
Sparta was mainly agricultural and had little trade with other city-states

17. Persian Wars Lasted from 499 BC – 449 BC
Greek city-states banded together to fight off the Persian Empire led by King Darius
The Persians wanted to conquer Greece and add to their empire so that they could control trading through the Mediterranean Sea
The Persian Empire

18. Persian Wars
Athens, Sparta and many of the other city-states joined forces to defeat the Persian invasion
After the Persian War, Athens and Sparta would fight for control of Greece

19. Peloponnese The southern-most Peninsula of Greece
Sparta is located here

20. Peloponnesian War Lasted from 431-404 BC
Almost every city-state in Greece was involved
The Spartans had a stronger army
The Athenians had a stronger navy

21. Spartans Victorious
After 27 years of fighting, the Spartans were victorious and became the most powerful city-state in Greece
The war took a large toll on Sparta and Athens. Their militaries were not as strong as they once were
The city-states declined and were eventually taken over by King Philip II of Macedonia from northern Greece (Alexander the Great’s Father)

22. Athens Men had more rights than women Boys were educated
Women usually stayed at home while men gathered in the city
Boys were educated
Girls stayed home with their mothers and learned how to raise children and do domestic work
Athens was the center of Greek culture
Sculpture, music, drama, temples, etc.
Athens had a democracy, but only men could participate in government
Athens had a strong navy

23. Sparta
Men trained for the military at a very young age. Women ran the household and businesses while the men trained.
Helots (Spartan slaves) did the manual labor
Men were sent to military school at age 7. Women were also trained and encouraged to stay fit and ready to defend Sparta.
Daily life and culture centered around the military. Sparta did not have the arts that Athens did.
Ruled by a military oligarchy
Military controls the people. A council of elders made important decisions
Sparta had a very strong military and made allies with many city-states that disliked Athens