1. Gender Issues

2. Gender VS sex
Gender = psychosocial (cultural)
Sex = biological

3. Genetic code
Eggs = XX
Sperm = XY

4. Prenatal sexual differentiation
In the absence of male hormones, female external genitals will develop

5. Prenatal structure

7. Structures
Female = Mullerian ducts
Male = Wolffian ducts

8. Undifferentiated stage

9. Early genital development

10. Advanced genital development

11. Peno-scrotal raphe

12. Homologus structures Clitoris = glands of the penis
Scrotum = major lips

13. Abnormal prenatal differentiation
Hermaphrodites
True hermaphrodite
One ovary & one testicle
Pseudohermaphrodite
Often two ovaries & penis like clitoris
May result from
Chromosomal disorder
Hormonal disorder
More common than true hermaphrodites

14. Chromosome errors Turner’s syndrome
(sterile female with absent or underdeveloped ovaries) XO
Normal external genitals
Lack of menstruation at puberty
Female gender identity
Klinefelters syndrome (sterile male with underdeveloped genitals)
XXY

15. Hormone errors (prenatal)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
External genitals of male fetus fail to differentiate
Newborn has normal-looking female external genitals
Diagnosed when menstruation does not occur

16. Hormone errors (prenatal)
Fetally androgenized females (FAF)
Masculinized external organs

17. John Money study of Joan/John
Circumcision accident
Follow-up 17 years later
The effect of prenatal hormones on brain differentiation may be much more influential in gender-identity than was originally assumed.

18. Transvestite VS transsexual
Transvestite cross dresses for sexual arousal
Transsexual cross dresses to feel comfortable and congruent

19. Sex reassignment surgery
Transsexuals or transgender
Crossdresses to feel comfortable and congruent
More men than women
Ratio is narrowing
Most preoperative transsexual persons feel they are heterosexual.

20. Trans gender surgery results

21. Gender assumptions
The assumptions that men “know about sex”, are responsible for doing a “good Job” with sex, and women are passive is a result of social learning, not biology.