1. Two-Sample Inference Procedures with Means

2. mx-y =6 inches & sx-y =3.471 inches
Suppose we have a population of adult men with a mean height of inches and standard deviation of 2.6 inches. We also have a population of adult women with a mean height of 65 inches and standard deviation of 2.3 inches. Assume heights are normally distributed.
Describe the distribution of the difference in heights between males and females (male-female).
Normal distribution with
mx-y =6 inches & sx-y =3.471 inches

3. 71 65
Female
Male 6
Difference = male - female

4. Remember:
We will be interested in the difference of means, so we will use this to find standard error.

5. Do calculator simulation!
a) What is the probability that the mean height of 30 men is at most 5 inches taller than the mean height of 30 women?
b) What is the 70th percentile for the difference (male-female) in mean heights of 30 men and 30 women?
P((xm – xw)< 5) = .3866
7.820 inches

6. Two-Sample Procedures with means
The goal of these inference procedures is to compare the responses to two treatments or to compare the characteristics of two populations.
We have INDEPENDENT samples from each treatment or population

7. Assumptions:
Have two SRS’s from the populations or two randomly assigned treatment groups
Samples are independent
Both populations are normally distributed
Have large sample sizes
Graph BOTH sets of data
s’s known/unknown

8. Formulas
Since in real-life, we will NOT know both s’s, we will do t-procedures.

9. Calculator does this automatically!
Degrees of Freedom
Option 1: use the smaller of the two values n1 – 1 and n2 – 1
This will produce conservative results – higher p-values & lower confidence.
Option 2: approximation used by technology
Calculator does this automatically!

10. Confidence intervals:
Called standard error

11. Pooled procedures: Used for two populations with the same variance
When you pool, you average the two-sample variances to estimate the common population variance.
DO NOT use on AP Exam!!!!!
We do NOT know the variances of the population, so ALWAYS tell the calculator NO for pooling!

12. Two competing headache remedies claim to give fast-acting relief
Two competing headache remedies claim to give fast-acting relief. An experiment was performed to compare the mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of brand A and brand B. Assume the absorption time is normally distributed. Twelve people were randomly selected and given an oral dosage of brand A. Another 12 were randomly selected and given an equal dosage of brand B. The length of time in minutes for the drugs to reach a specified level in the blood was recorded. The results follow: mean SD n Brand A Brand B
Describe the shape & standard error for sampling distribution of the differences in the mean speed of absorption. (answer on next screen)

13. Describe the sampling distribution of the differences in the mean speed of absorption.
Find a 95% confidence interval difference in mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of each brand. (answer on next screen)
Normal distribution with S.E. = 3.316

14. Closest without going over
Assumptions:
Have 2 independent SRS from volunteers Given the absorption rate is normally distributed s’s unknown
State assumptions!
Think “Price is Right”!
Closest without going over
Formula & calculations
From calculator df = 21.53, use t* for df = 21 & 95% confidence level
Conclusion in context
We are 95% confident that the true difference in mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of each brand is between –5.685 minutes and minutes.

15. In a recent study on biofeedback, it was reported that meditation could alter the alpha & beta waves in the brain thus changing the rate at which the heart beats. This is important for relieving the effects of stress.
Let’s test this!

16. Note: confidence interval statements
Matched pairs – refer to “mean difference”
Two-Sample – refer to “difference of means”

17. Hypothesis Statements:
H0: m1 = m2
H0: m1 - m2 = 0
Ha: m1 - m2 < 0
Ha: m1 - m2 > 0
Ha: m1 - m2 ≠ 0
Be sure to define BOTH m1 and m2!
Ha: m1< m2
Ha: m1> m2
Ha: m1 ≠ m2

18. Hypothesis Test:
Since we usually assume H0 is true, then this equals 0 – so we can usually leave it out

19. The length of time in minutes for the drugs to reach a specified level in the blood was recorded. The results follow:
mean SD n Brand A Brand B
Is there sufficient evidence that these drugs differ in the speed at which they enter the blood stream?

20. State assumptions! Hypotheses & define variables! H0: mA= mB Ha:mA= mB
Assump.: Have 2 independent SRS from volunteers Given the absorption rate is normally distributed s’s unknown
State assumptions!
Hypotheses & define variables!
H0: mA= mB
Ha:mA= mB
Where mA is the true mean absorption time for Brand A & mB is the true mean absorption time for Brand B
Formula & calculations
Conclusion in context
Since p-value > a, I fail to reject H0. There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that these drugs differ in the speed at which they enter the blood stream.

21. Suppose that the sample mean of Brand B is 16
Suppose that the sample mean of Brand B is 16.5, then is Brand B faster?
No, I would still fail to reject the null hypothesis.

22. Robustness:
Two-sample procedures are more robust than one-sample procedures
BEST to have equal sample sizes! (but not necessary)

23. A modification has been made to the process for producing a certain type of time-zero film (film that begins to develop as soon as the picture is taken). Because the modification involves extra cost, it will be incorporated only if sample data indicate that the modification decreases true average development time by more than 1 second. Should the company incorporate the modification?
Original
Modified