1. Presented By:
Vinod Dahiya
Lecturer Mechanical Engg.
RGGP Narwana

2. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

3. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP •
Centrifugal pumps are used for pumping petroleum products like HSD, SKO, MS,
Naphtha, ATF, LPG etc. in cross country pipelines. Pipeline pumps are designed as per API 610. The centrifugal pumps are by far the most commonly used of the pump types. Among all the installed pumps in a typical petroleum plant, almost 80–90% are centrifugal pumps.
Centrifugal pumps are widely used because of their design simplicity, high efficiency, wide range of capacity, head, smooth flow rate, and ease of operation and maintenance. •

4. Introduction: Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are the rotodynamic machines that convert mechanical energy of shaft into kinetic and pressure energy of Fluid which may be used to raise the level of fluid. A centrifugal pump is named so, because the energy added by the impeller to the fluid is largely due to centrifugal effects.

5. PRINCIPAL:-
A machine for moving fluid by accelerating the fluid RADIALLY outward.
From the Center of a Circle
RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle

6. WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP•
This machine consists of an IMPELLER rotating within a case (diffuser) •
Liquid directed into the center of the rotating impeller is picked up by the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the rotation of the impeller and discharged by centrifugal force into the case (diffuser).

7. •
Two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and the casing. The impeller is a rotating component and the casing is a stationary component. In centrifugal pump, water enters axially through the impeller eyes and water exits radially. •
A collection chamber in the casing converts much of the Kinetic Energy (energy due to velocity) into Head or Pressure. This allows centrifugal pumps to produce continuous flows at high pressure.

8. Pump Terminology

9. Classification of Centrifugal Pumps:-
Centrifugal pumps may be classified according to,
Working head
Specific speed
Type of casing
Direction of flow of water
Number of entrances to the impeller
Disposition of shaft
Number of stage

10. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS – MAJOR COMPONENTS:-

11. The general components of a centrifugal pump, both stationary and rotary, are shown in
the figures below.

20. Affinity laws
The ‘Affinity laws’ are mathematical expressions that best define changes in pump capacity, head, and power absorbed by the pump when a change is made to pump speed,with all else remaining constant.
According to affinity laws 
Capacity Q changes in direct proportion to the change in pump speed N ratio:
Q2=Q1 X N2 / N1

21.  Head H changes in direct proportion to the square of the speed N ratio:
H2=H1 X (N2 / N1)2 
Power P changes in direct proportion to the cube of the
speed N ratio:
P2=P1 X (N2 / N1)3
Important: The Affinity laws are valid only under conditions of constant efficiency

22. Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller Vanes
Thickness of the impeller
“Eye of the Impeller”
Diameter of the Impeller
Thicker the Impeller- More fluid
Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure

23. Head Reservoir of Fluid Pressure Gauge •
Head is the height at which a pump can raise fluid up.
The total energy of the fluid particles per unit weight is known as head. Unit in Meters.
Head can also be converted to pressure •
Reservoir of Fluid
100
feet
43.3 PSI
Pressure Gauge

24. Static Suction Head and Suction Lift:-
Pump below source; static suction head >0
Pump above source; negative static suction head, or positive static suction lift

25. Then H = hs+ hd + hfs + hfd + Vd2/(2g)
 Any pump raises the liquid from one gradient (head) to another. Thus, the difference between the discharge head and the suction head is termed as ‘differential head or total static head. 
Total Head
It is the total head which has to be developed by a pump to deliver the water form the sump into the tank. Apart from producing the static head, a pump has also to overcome the losses in pipes and fittings and loss due to kinetic energy at the delivery outlet.
Let H = Total head
hfs = Losses in suction pipe
hfd = Losses in delivery pipe
hf = Total friction loss in pipe = hfs + hfd Vd = Velocity of liquid in delivery pipe.
Then H = hs+ hd + hfs + hfd + Vd2/(2g)
Losses in the casing and the impeller are not taken into account in the total head.

28. Manometric Head Then Hm = Hmd - Hms
It is usually not possible to measure exactly the losses in the pump . So, a term known as manometric head is introduced. It is the rise in pressure energy of the liquid in the impeller of the pump.
If two pressure gauges are installed on the suction and the delivery sides as near to the pump as possible, the difference in their reading will give the change in the pressure energy in the pump or the manometric head.
Hm = Manometric head of the pump
Hms = Reading of the pressure gauge on the suction side Hmd = Reading of the pressure gauge on the delivery side.
Then Hm = Hmd - Hms

29. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)•
Pumps can pump only liquids, not vapours.
NPSH is a measure to prevent liquid vaporization. Net Positive Suction Head or NPSH for pumps can be defined as the difference between liquid pressure at pump suction and liquid vapor pressure, expressed in terms of height of liquid column.
When vapour pressure is also expressed in terms of equivalent height of liquid column, and subtracted from the suction head, the difference is npsh available at the pump suction. •

31. NPSH is referred to as either required or available NPSH.
NPSHa = Pressure head + Static suction head - Vapour pressure head of product – Friction head,loss in the piping, valves and fittings.
“All terms in feet absolute”
NPSHa should always be greater than NPSHr

32. Pump Cavitation

34. What is pump cavitation?
Simply defined, cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller. The collapsing of these bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the impeller and/or the pump housing.
If left untreated, pump cavitation can cause:
1.Failure of pump housing 2.Destruction of impeller
Excessive vibration- leading to premature seal and bearing failure
Higher than necessary power consumption Decreased flow and/or pressure

35. There are two types of pump cavitation: suction and discharge.
1.Suction Cavitation:-
When a pump is under low pressure or high vacuum conditions, suction cavitation occurs. The pump is being "starved" or is not receiving enough flow. When this happens, bubbles or cavities will form at the eye of the
impeller.
Possible causes of suction cavitation:
1.Clogged filters or strainers 2.Blockage in the pipe
3.Pump is running too far right on the pump curve 4.Poor piping design
5.Poor suction conditions (NPSH requirements)

36. 2. Discharge Cavitation:-
When a pump's discharge pressure is extremely high, or runs at less than 10% of its best efficiency point (BEP), discharge cavitation occurs. The high discharge pressure makes it difficult for the fluid to flow out of the pump, so it circulates inside the pump. Liquid flows between the impeller and the housing at very high velocity, causing a vacuum at the housing wall and the formation of bubbles. In extreme, discharge cavitation can cause the impeller shaft to break.
Possible causes of discharge cavitation: 1.Blockage in the pipe on discharge side 2.Clogged filters or strainers
3.Running too far left on the pump curve 4.Poor piping design

37. Cavitation Prevention:-
check these things to troubleshoot the problem of cavitation.
Check filters and strainers - clogs on the suction, or discharge side can cause an imbalance of pressure inside the pump
Reference the pump's curve - Use a pressure gauge and/or a flowmeter to understand where your pump is operating on the curve. Make sure it is running at its best efficiency point
Re-evaluate pipe design - Ensure the path the liquid takes to get to and from your pump is ideal for the pump's operating conditions.
To avoid cavitation, always operate with NPSHA ≥ NPSHR.

38. PUMPS IN SERIES •
Twice the pressure Same amount of Fluid.

39. PUMPS IN SERIES:-

40. PUMPS IN PARREL:-
Twice the Flow.
Same amount of Pressure..

41. PUMPS IN PARREL:-