1. Mathematical operators
5.1 Using Formulae in Calculation
 Using Formulae:
- Advantage: perform calculation automatically.
- Every formula begins with an equal sign (=).
- Examples of mathematical operators:
Mathematical operators
Meaning
Examples
Formula in cell
Displayed result +
Addition
=2+3 5 -
Subtraction
=5-2 3 *
Multiplication
=12*4 48 /
Division
=10/2 ^
Exponentiation
=4^2 16
( )
Brackets
=(2+3)*4 20

2. 5.1 Using Formulae in Calculation
 Using Cell Address in Formulae
- Cell addresses (rather than actual number) can be used in formulae so that the values stored in cells are calculated.
- In the spreadsheet below, cell C1 stores the formula ‘=A1+B1’ which adds up the values stored in cells A1 and B1.

3. 5.1 Using Formulae in Calculation
 Using Cell Address in Formulae
- Cell addresses can be easily entered in formula by pointing them.
- After starting the formula with the equal sign (=), just click the specified cell.
- The corresponding cell address will be entered into the formula. Press to complete the formula.
Enter

4. 5.1 Using Formulae in Calculation
 Using Cell Address in Formulae
(2) Click cell B1, so that the cell address ‘B1’ is entered.
(1) Enter ‘=’.
(4) Press ‘Enter’ to complete the formula
input. The calculated value ‘30’ is
displayed in cell B3.
(3) Enter ‘+’ and then click cell
B2 to enter the cell address ‘B2’.

5. 5.1 Using Formulae in Calculation
 Using Cell Address in Formulae
(2) Click cell B1, so that the cell address ‘B1’ is entered.
(1) Enter ‘=’.
(4) Press ‘Enter’ to complete the formula
input. The calculated value ‘30’ is
displayed in cell B3.
(3) Enter ‘+’ and then click cell
B2 to enter the cell address ‘B2’.

6. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
- Many built-in functions are provided by Microsoft Excel.
- A formula is formed when inputs are added to the function. The inputs are usually cell addresses.
- The formulae use the inputs for calculation and the results are shown directly in the corresponding cells. The formula in a specified cell is shown in the formula bar when the cell is selected.

7. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using SUM Function
- The ‘SUM’ function adds up the values stored in one or more cells.
- For example, cell D2 stores the formula ‘=SUM(A1:C1)’, which adds up the values stored in cells A1 to C1.

8. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using SUM Function
- Cell address used in the ‘SUM’ function can be entered by clicking and dragging.
- E.g., after entering ‘=SUM(’ in cell A4, click cell A1 and then
drag to cell A3. The cell range ‘A1:A3’ will be entered in the formula.

9. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Copying Formula
- To copy a formula to adjacent columns or rows, drag the fill handle of the cell which stores the formula.
- E.g. the formula ‘=SUM(A1:A3)’ stored in cell A4 is copied to cells B4 and C4.
Add up numbers stored in cells C1 to C3
Drag

10. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Copying Formula
- The formula copied to cells B4 and C4 adds up the numbers directly
above them, rather than the numbers stored in cells A1 to A3.
- Check that cell C4 indicating the cell addresses in the formula is automatically changed from ‘A1:A3’ to ‘C1:C3’. This is known as relative cell addressing.

11. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using AVERAGE Function
- The ‘AVERAGE’ function calculates the average value for a group of cells.
- E.g. cell D2 stores the formula ‘=AVERAGE(A1:C1)’ which calculates the average value of cells A1 to C1.

12. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using MAX and MIN Functions
- The ‘MAX’ and ‘MIN’ functions can be used to find the largest and smallest value of a group of cells respectively.
- E.g. cell B1 stores the formula ‘=MAX(A1:A4)’, which finds the largest value of cells A1 to A4.

13. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using MAX and MIN Functions
- E.g. the formula ‘=MIN(A1:A4)’ in cell B2 gives the smallest value in cells A1 to A4.

14. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using COUNT Function
- The ‘COUNT’ function counts the number of cells in a selected range that contains numbers.
- E.g. cell B1 stores the formula ‘=COUNT(A1:A7)’. It counts the number of cells which stores a number from cells A1 to A7.

15. 5.2 Using Functions in Calculation
 Using COUNT Function
- The ‘COUNT’ function counts the number of cells in a selected range that contains numbers.
- E.g. cell B1 stores the formula ‘=COUNT(A1:A7)’. It counts the number of cells which stores a number from cells A1 to A7.