1. Language of Anatomy

2. Anatomical Position Surface Anatomy Axial Appendicular Body Landmarks
What is it?
Why do we use it? - Universally accepted standard position
Surface Anatomy
Body is divided into 2 sections:
1. Axial – central part of the body: head, neck, trunk = axis of body
2. Appendicular – extremities and/or limbs and attachments
NOTE: Difference between “arm” and “forearm” and “thigh” and “leg”
Body Landmarks:
Broken down by anterior and posterior
i.e. abdominal, acromial, femoral (pg 1-2 in lab manual)

3. Body Orientation and Direction Body Planes and Sections
Body Orientation and Direction - terms are used to describe the location of body structures RELATIVE TO OTHER STRUCTURES
Relative to anatomical position:
Superior/Inferior (above/below)
Anterior/Posterior (front/back)
Medial/Lateral (towards the midline/Away from the midline
Not relative to a particular body position:
Cranial/caudal (towards the head/toward the tail)
Dorsal/Ventral (backside/belly side)
Proximal/Distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment) – only apply to structures of the limbs
Superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface
Body Planes and Sections - Sections allow for observation of internal structures (i.e. CAT scan)
Planes –
Sections (used for organs and tissues)
Longitudinal (along axis)
Cross Section – perpendicular to long axis

4. Body Cavities Ventral Dorsal Thoracic Cranial Abdominopelvic Vertebral
Two main cavities
Dorsal – posterior, two subdivisions; cavities are continuous
cranial - brain
vertebral – spinal cord
Ventral – anterior, two subdivisions
Thoracic (superior to diaphragm)
- enclosed by ribs, sternum, vertebral column
- subdivided into 3 smaller cavities
pericardial (heart)
2 pleural (lungs)
- Mediastinum is central area of thoracic cavity
Abdominoplevic – inferior to diaphragm
- Abdominal – stomach, intestines, liver, etc.
- Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
- non continuous in a straight line

5. Serous Membranes Quadrants Parietal Visceral Serous membranes
- cover organs of ventral body cavity
- Two layers
- Visceral – covers external surface of organ
- Parietal – attaches to and covers the ventral body wall
- Membranes compartmentalize to prevent spread of infection
- serous fluid between prevents friction
- Named for cavities they surround:
- pleural (lung)
- pericardium (heart)
- peritoneum (abdominal organs) i.e. peritonitis
Quadrants
– formed by transverse and sagittal planes through the umbilicus
- used by clinicians to describe abnormalities or determining which organ may be causing pain
- Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower

6. Regions
Regions
- describe the location of various organs (i.e. Tic-tac-toe grid)
Note: prefixes and their definitions (front of text book), will use throughout class, good to recognize
i.e. hypo – below, deficient (hypothyroid)
epi - over, above (epidermis)
chondr – cartilage

7. Other Body Cavities Oral Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Synovial
Some cavities open to outside, others are closed.
Oral – mouth – digestion
Nasal – nose –respiratory
Orbital – house eyes
Middle ear – hearing
Synovial – joints with fluid

8. Organ Systems Overview

10. Structural Organization
Cell – the basic unit or building block of all living things
Tissue – a group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Organ – structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Organ System – a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
Cells – basic unit/building block of all things, based on structure and function
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and function
4 categories
epithelial
muscular
connective
nervous
Organ – structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific function for the body, i.e. small intestine
Organ System – group of organs that act together to perform body function, i.e. digestive system

11. Homeostasis – maintenance of an optimal environment of the body
Organ systems work together to provide body cells with an optimal environment.
Maintenance of an optimal environment within limits is referred to as Homeostasis.

12. Organ Systems Cardiovascular Digestive Endocrine Integumentary
Lymphatic/Immune
Muscular
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal