1. Worldwide implications of Ebola

2. Ebola: An International Crisis
Ebola Virus
* Medical condition
* Transmission
* Treatment
Health Care Workers and Caring for the Infected
* Health care in West Africa- Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leonne
* Nursing
* Challenges
Global Effects of the Ebola Virus
* East Africa
* United States
The recent (2014) Ebola crisis was “the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined” (World Health Organization, 2015).
*Over 27,000 cases have been identified since March of 2014 with close to a 50% mortality rate.
Opener

3. Objectives
1. To identify the origin, signs and symptoms, modes of transmission, and medical treatment of the Ebola virus
2. To understand the challenges of West African that contributed to the Ebola virus crisis
3. To understand the role of nursing in an Ebola virus outbreak
4. To understand the worldwide inferences, implications, and consequences of the Ebola virus
5. To understand global and national perspectives in facing future Ebola virus outbreaks

4. West Africa faces the Ebola Crisis
West Africa- Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone
Challenges in the region
* Civil war
* Poverty
* Limited resources
* Poor health-care infrastructure
“Long before the crisis, access to health services and to safe drinking water and sanitation in West Africa were inadequate. There were marked inequalities between regions, socioeconomic groups and gender” (OXFAM, 2015).
West African culture
* First Ebola outbreak in this region
* International assistance
* Rituals of the deceased

5. International Response the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa
The World Health Care Organization (WHO)
* Responsibilities
* Barriers
* Initial response
* Declared a “Global Emergency” in August 2014
“In August, the United Nations health agency declared an "international public health emergency", saying that a coordinated response was essential to halt the spread of the virus” (BBC News, 2016).
The United States join the Effort
* October ,000 military members to deploy to West Africa
* Non-profit organizations
* Two American health care workers diagnosed with Ebola virus
* Ebola virus in the United States
Response by other Countries
* Great Britain, China, and Cuba
* Canada and Japan
Explain the need for service:
Often shelters do little more than provide overnight shelter away from the elements. Most often they will also provide a meal or two. It is also not uncommon for individuals to have to check in and check out every day and night at these shelters. Therefore, a first come first serve relationship with the shelters has been established.
More help is needed here in these counties!!!
Longer term shelter, basic healthcare, job placement assistance, mental health assistance, and job training are just some of the needs of these counties.
**********WE NEED REFERENCE FOR THIS INFORMATION*******

6. Nursing Implications Nursing Challenges when caring for the Contagious
* Fear
* Isolation
* Quarantines
* The American Nurses Association
Caring for the Infected in West Africa
* Basic nursing care
* Skilled nursing care
* Limited resources
* Unfamiliar environment
“Health care workers are undoubtedly at a higher rate of exposure, than those not in contact with an infected patient, owing to the inevitable exposure to a patients’ bodily fluids by patient contact. (Lupton, p. 178, 2015).
Prevention
* Personal protective equipment
* Required skills
* Standards of infection prevention and control
* Personal health

7. Root Causes Analysis Factors Contributing to the Largest Ebola Virus Outbreak in History
* Regional Influences
* Late Identification
* Slow Response from WHO
* Poor Containment
* Limited Resources
* No Vaccine or Drug to Treat Ebola Virus

8. Consequences, Inferences, and Implications to the West African Ebola Outbreak
Mortality
* Over 27,000 cases diagnosed with close to 50% mortality
* Change in family structure
* Orphans
Social and Economic
* Community dynamics
* Loss of trust in government and health care agencies
* Financial burden
* Decrease in local and international trade
Mobility
* Limited local, national, and international travel
* Airport screening
* Border screening and closure

9. Consequences, Inferences, and Implications Continued
Stigma of the Ebola Virus
Health care
* Loss of lives
* Loss of trust
* Strain on health care structure
* Future need of health care providers
Nursing
* Psychological effects
* Frustration
* Grief
* Guilt and shame
* Isolation

10. Other Perspectives of the Ebola Virus
Financial
* The financial cost of an Ebola virus outbreak
Research
* pharmaceuticals
Political
* Collaborative efforts between countries and international agencies
Ethical
* Human life

11. Facing Future Ebola Virus Outbreaks
Global Perspective * Education * Health care challenges * Emergency preparedness * Building relationships * Containment Strategies National Perspective * Treatment and vaccines * Evidenced based policy and procedure * Support health care workers

12. Strategies to Prevent the Spread of the Ebola Virus
The CDC recommends:
Appropriate and prompt triage protocols to identify and categorize high risk patients
Training Healthcare organization to effectively deal with Ebola infected patients.
Isolation precautions
Trained monitor

13. Conclusion
The devastating effects of an Ebola virus epidemic in any region can be felt worldwide
The 2014 West African Ebola epidemic demonstrated challenges that must be addressed to prevent future occurrences
Nurses play a critical role in caring for individuals affected by this disease
Globally we must share resources to support regions that are affected by the Ebola virus
Emergency preparedness and medical research to find a vaccine and treatment for the Ebola virus must be a global priority

14. References
Blackley, D.J., Lindblade, K.A., Kateh, F., Broyles, L.N., Westercamp, M., Neatherlin,
J.C., ….Nyenswah., T. (2014). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Rapid
Intervention to Reduce Ebola Transmission in a Remote Village-Gbarpolu
County, Liberia, 64,
Boulton, J. (2015). Ebola revisited: Lessons learned in managing global epidemics. British Journal of Nursing. 24(13)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Infection Prevention and Control
Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus
Disease (EVD) in U.S. Hospitals. Retrieved from:
/healthcare-us/hospitals/infection-control.html
Grim, G. & Nichols, L., M. (May, 2015). Ebola crisis of 2014: Are current strategies enough to meet the long-run challenges ahead? American Journal of Public Health. 105(5) 8-9.
Lee-Kwan, S., H., DeLuca, N., Adams, M., Dalling, M., Drevlow, E., Gassma, G., & Davies, T. (December 19, 2014). Support services for survivors of the ebola virus disease- Sierra Leone, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 63(50)
Lupton, K (2015). Preparing nurses to work in Ebola treatment centres in Sierra Leone. British Journal of Nursing. 24(3)

15. References
McGillis-Hall, L., & Kashin, J. (2016). Public understanding of the role of nurses during ebola. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 48(1)
OXFAM International. (2015). Never Again Building resilient health systems and learning from
the Ebola crisis. Retrieved from:
Questions and Answers: 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Retrieved from:
africa/qa.html
Sunshine, G. Pepin, D., & Penn, M. (October 16, 2015). State and territorial ebola screening, monitoring, and movement policy statements- United States, August 31, (40)
Troncoso, A. (2015). Ebola outbreak in West Africa: a neglected tropical disease. Asia Pacific
Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(4), Retrieved from:
Locate/apjtb
World Health Organization. Ebola Virus Disease. (2015). Retrieved from: