1. Internet of Things for Smart Cities
Andrea Zanella, Senior Member, IEEE, Nicola Bui, Angelo Castellani,
Lorenzo Vangelista, Senior Member, IEEE, and Michele Zorzi, Fellow, IEEE
Presented by Jonathan Lobo

2. Why this paper? Not about blockchain Larger scale
Issues of power, lifetime, energy efficiency, protocol choice are much more applicable
Case study
Why this paper?

3. Services Specification for the Padova Smart City Project

4. What makes large-scale IoT difficult?
Heterogeneity of applications
Different stakeholders, incompatible visions, lack of business model
Primary issue is not technological infeasibility, but lack of standardization of architectures, funding

5. “Smart City”
“Exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens”
Use IoT devices to assist the management of public affairs, make better use of public resources, increase quality of services offered to citizens, and enforce laws
Encompasses Smart Governance, Mobility, Utilities, Buildings, Environment

6. Urban IoT
The communication infrastructure provides access to and optimization of services such as:
Transportation
Parking
Lighting
Surveillance/maintenance
Garbage collection
Hospitals/schools
Open data can increase gov’t transparency, stimulate civic participation and creation of new services

7. Smart City Services Health of Public Buildings
Database of historical/public buildings and their structural integrity
Vibration, deformation, temperature, humidity, air quality, etc.
Waste Management
Intelligent waste containers, RFID to track trucks
Economic and ecological benefits, improved quality of recycling
Air Quality
Monitor air quality in public parks, trails, open areas
Charge companies for greenhouse gas emissions / pollution
Noise Monitoring
Services to enforce noise ordinances at night
Enforcement of public security
Smart City Services

8. Smart City Services Traffic Congestion Energy Consumption
GPS in smart vehicles, air quality/acoustic sensors
Helps citizens plan routes and city to send traffic officers
Energy Consumption
Integration with city power grid to monitor energy use
Purchases of energy through smart contracts
Smart Parking
Sensors direct motorists to open parking spots
RFID / NFC to verify parking permits, handicapped spots, fine violators
Smart Lighting
Optimize street lighting based on time, weather, presence of people
Smart City Services

9. Urban IoT Architecture
Centralized Control Center
Dense set of devices generating data and deliver to the center for storage and processing
Challenges
Heterogeneous technologies must be integrated with existing communication protocols
Make data easily accessible to authorities and citizens for max benefit
Urban IoT Architecture

10. Web Service Approach for IoT Architecture
Designed based on IETF standards and traditional web services using REST paradigm

11. Data Layer XML is typically used to describe transferred content EXI
Traditional XML messages too large for IoT devices
EXI
Schema-less – generated directly from XML, no prior knowledge necessary
Schema-informed – two ends agree on schema before encoding/decoding
Control Center maintains database of IoT nodes
Integrate the data received from all devices
Data Layer

12. Application / Transport Layers
CoAP
Less humanly readable, less verbose, less complex than HTTP
Supports all HTTP methods
Supports multicast – transmitting data to multiple destinations
Uses UDP instead of TCP
HTTP-CoAP intermediary can translate requests
Application / Transport Layers

13. 6LoWPAN
Compressed format for IPv6 and UDP headers over constrained networks
Based on IEEE standard
Large address space of IPv6 introduces too much overhead
Fragments and reassembles packets
Supports MTU 127 bytes
Supports mesh routing
Network Layer

14. Link Layer BLE, ZigBee, NFC, LoRaWAN, RFID
Protocols for constrained devices
Low energy consumption, but also lower transfer rates
Link Layer

15. Devices Backend Servers Gateways IoT Nodes
DBMS, Web Sites/Apps, Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs)
Gateways
Interconnect end devices with the main communication infrastructure
Protocol translation from constrained to unconstrained
IoT Nodes
Low-cost sensors
Mobile devices
Devices

16. Urban IoT Network

17. Padova Smart City Case Study
Experimental wireless sensor network with 300+ nodes
“Successful provisioning of smart grid and healthcare services”
Collecting environmental data
Battery-powered sensors for benzene carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, noise, etc.
Monitoring public street lighting
Photometer sensors measure light intensity

18. Padova Smart City Implementation
Form 6LoWPAN multihop cloud using IEEE
Nodes deliver their data to the sink node
IoT nodes
Border router to interface between constrained and non-constrained protocols
Collects all data for exporting to backend servers
Gateway
Retrieves data by interfacing with HTTP-CoAP proxy server
Makes data available to other web services
Database server
Used to locate streetlights for maintenance, send commands to IoT nodes
Mobile devices

19. Padova Smart City

21. Smart City Barcelona
Makes use of over 600 km of fiber-optic cable in the city
Over 700 WiFi hotspots throughout city
19,500 smart meters monitoring energy consumption
Digital, interactive bus stops

22. Smart City Barcelona Smart parking ($50 million revenue increase)
Sensors in asphalt detect open spots, reduce congestion and pollution
Mobile app used as parking permit
Barcelona Lighting Masterplan ($38 million, 30% energy savings)
1,100 lampposts sense pedestrians in proximity and adjust lighting
Provide WiFI, sensors collect publicly available data on air quality
Water, precipitation, humidity sensors ($58 million savings, 25% water conservation increase)
Automated water delivery to public water fountains
Automatic irrigation of public parks

23. Smart Waste Management
Sweden has vision of ‘zero waste’ by 2020
99% of all household waste is recycled as energy or materials
Municipal smart bins for waste management
Sense how full bins are, internal temperature
Plans to integrate sensors for hazardous materials

24. Smart Housing in Hamburg
Building supplies its own energy using microalgae
Supplied with liquid nutrients and carbon dioxide, photosynthesize
Excess algae are fermented to produce biogas
Cycle of renewable energy sources
Sensors for air quality, temperature, humidity, etc.

25. Crime Analytics
Present dynamic network model for improving service resilience to data loss
Uses shared trends across data streams to improve prediction performance
Use auto-regression for crime rate prediction
Implemented in Montgomery County, MD and saw 7.8% increase in crime rate prediction
Temperature is a strong predictor of crime rate
Kotevska et al 2017

26. Tel Aviv, Israel Smart City
Free WiFi with no registration at over 200 access points
Digi-Tel service
Access info on public utility services via mobile app
Digi-Tel pass – use to pay bills, as parking permits, send photos of potholes or public property in need of maintenance
Directions to parking spots and available public bikes
Smart lighting, city energy monitoring, smart grid, smart water cycle
Mandakam et al 2018