1. Success or failure? The economic crisis and its influence on Pécs 2010 Andrea Schmidt PhD University of Pécs Dept. of Political Studies Hungary Schmidt.andrea@pte.hu

2. Success or failure? Search: the influence of ECOC to the economy – part of a three year long programme on the process of decision making, civil participation, economic and political effects, etc. Findings: too short time, only calculations

3. As it began…. 1985, Melina Mercouri and Jack Lang: the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture. Aim: to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values. Decision No 1419/1999/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council: Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the years 2005 to 2019. Decision No 1622/2006 EC of the European parliament and of the council of 24 2006 establishing a Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the 2007 to 2019 lays out

4. Why to candidate? We would like to use this event to gather money for the cultural infrastructure, which will attract more toursits and have a positive impact on economy According to 2004 Palmer Report: attracting visitors has been one of the main objectives of almost every ECOC host city. Reasons: 1.The economic impacts generated by tourism 2.The image of impacts which can be obtained through national and international campaignes – this tendency strengthened in recent years as many of the ECOC have been non traditional tourist destinations previously, suffering either from a poor image or a shortage of tourism infrastructure, or both.

5. Tourism How much the tourism growth is due to the ECOC programme itself? Does the ECOC host become more attractive to tourists simply because of the buzz associated with the event? Are the tourism impact long- term or just temporary? What are the best strategies for maximising tourism impacts? One of the most important indicators of tourism impact is the growth of number of nights spent in accomodation in the city. In case of ECOCs the growth of overnight staying is ~11% more stays. (In Pécs 12-13%) But! If a city is relatively small, the growth can be higher!

6. Does tourism affect? Number of tourists. (It increased 12%) Total number of nights However it was calculated, that in 2010 the number of guests can reach 1,000,000!

7. Does tourism affect? Share of foreign guestsSpent night / capita

8. Does tourism affect? Growth rate (foreign gusets): Europe: 3%, CEEC: 4.2% Hu: 4.8%, Pécs 12%! Pécs became the 12th most popular destination in Hungary (in 2009: 22th) – however we dont have aquapark! New hotels were constructed and plans were interrupted thanks to the economic crisi and the lack of bank sources.

9. Does infrastructure affect? How to reach Pécs? 2006. opening of the Pogany – Pécs airport (only for charter flights) 2010. opening of the Budapest – Pécs motorway (M6/ M60) However the length of M6 is the 15.5 % of total, the share of income is only 5.3 % (8000 car/day) Investment in fast train lines: still under negotiation (2009!)

10. Economic crisis 2008 Consequences: Many projects were cancelled (in Ruhr from 80 million only 62.5 remained) Major projects have remained incomplete Limitation of sponsorship for cultural events and infrastructure. However in Pécs the lack of sponsors was a warning issue even till 2009, too.

11. The effects of global economic crisis Major challenges were created for the cities everywhere – city authorities find themselves caught between decreasing budget income and increased demand for expenditure (Palmer, 2011) Why? In most countries (61%) own-source tax revenues have significantly decreased. The impact seemes to be greatest in terms of capital expenditure, and for countries in the ECOC, with suffering intense financial problems with their programmes. (Especially in CEEC) In Pécs – the crisis caused funds to dry up, which delayed construction work supposed to be ready before the event. However, because of the crisis and the decline of building industry there were more firms which concentrated to state finaced projects instead of looking for private orders.

12. The effects of global economic crisis Belated investments (buildings) - Regional Library and Knowledge Center Opened: by the summer of 2010

13. Kodály Conference and Concert Centre (Opened december, 2010)

14. Other investments: Pécs 2010

15. Expected outcomes 1.New possibilities of Pécs (and Southern Transdanubia) in creative industry 2.Change in the minds of the participants of local institutions, population 3.To help the young generation to settle down in Pécs (there is a decline in the number of population of Baranya county and Pécs – in particular among young and skilled generation) 4.To strengthen the process of decentralisation and the multipolarism in culture 5.To make Pécs an international city, to improve the model of decentralisation in European dimension

16. Expected outcomes 1.The new investments (cafes, museums, cultural centres) will have positive effects to life circumstances 2.The cultural events will bring the fame of Pécs into several directions 3.Hope of bottom-up development instead of top-down development – that would serve the participation of the local population, NGOs, etc.

17. Difficulties in calculation 1.Time limit - too short time since 2010 to have the direct effects. 2.The basis year is 2009 (just one year after the 2008 crisis!) – difficult to compare the data. 3.The pay off rate can not be calculated in the case of investments. We can have only hope… 4.No information about the future.

18. Effects (that can be ) new public transport in the cities) development of the thinking of project management development of services and the cultural industry long-term projects – congress tourism (not just for ECOCsome elements from which the success/ failure can be concluded. success in projects concentrated in infrastructure and public places (increase of number of parking places!) – the most difficult is the T + 1 year! positive externalities the change in the mentality of the local polulationt

19. What we missed… The fate of the project management team The strengthening of the local building industry – they participated only as subcontractors or in smaller projects The failure of the development of products of cultural industry – like the unified entrance tickets, the local souvenirs The participation of the University of Pécs The development of services for tourists (opening hours!) The consumption of the local polulation (if they dont have to pay, they participate) Undercalculated costs of programmes Political debates – the problems about the appearance of different levels (Europe, state, regional, local) + lack of NGOs Lack of identification with the project – lot of fans against

20. Conclusion Need more time to get more data. Most of the investments was belated – the effects can be visible in some years. Rethink the future of the investments (buildings and their role) Rethink the decision making process – decentralisation/ deconcentration. Rethink the role of partnership Rethink the long lasting debate of Budapest dominance

21. Thank you!