1. Presented by: Dr. J. Domenech
Drug dosage form
Presented by: Dr. J. Domenech

2. Types of dosage form DRUG DOSAGE FORMS
Dosage forms are a mixture of active drug component and nondrug component.
Types of dosage form
Liquid dosage form (solutions, syrups, suspensions, drops, injection)
Solid dosage form(Capsule , tablets , powder)
Semisolid dosage form(Ointments, Creams, pastes, Gels)

3. Solid dosage form Capsules
It contain one or more medicinal substances enclosed with in a shell or container prepared from suitable form of gelatin
Capsule has two types
Hard gelatin capsules
Soft gelatin capsules

4. Hard gelatin capsules It is made up of gelatin ,sugar and water
Hard gelatin capsules It is made up of gelatin ,sugar and water. They are physically hard. The hard-shell gelatin capsules contain solid drugs Soft gelatin capsule It is made up of gelatin. Glycerin Or sorbitol are added to render gelatin elastic. The soft-shell gelatin capsules contain oils. These capsules are easily swallowed due to tasteless shell.

5. 2. Tablets
A tablet is a solid dosage form that is prepared by compressing or molding of the drug into various sizes and shapes.
A polymer coating is often applied to make the tablet
Smoother, easier to swallow, to control release rate of active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment and enhance tablet appearance
Tablet are often stamped with symbols ,letters, and numbers which enable them to identified. Their sizes are from few millimeters to about centimeter
Some tablets are in the shape of capsule are called caplets.

6. Types of tablet Tablets for oral administration
Tablets for implantation (pellets)

7. Tablets for oral administration
Immediate release tablet: Release the drug substance immediate after ingestion
Delayed release tablet: The drug substance is not released until a physical event has occurred e.g. change in gut flora.
Chewable tablet: The tablets are placed in the mouth, chewed and swallowed e.g. Lozenges
Buccal tablet: These are designed to be placed in buccal cavity of mouth for rapid action.
Sublingual tablets: these are placed under tongue for rapid dissolution.
Effervescent tablets: The tablet contain sodium bicarbonate in addition to the drug substance. Before use they are dissolve in water.e.g. Acetylsalicylic acid

8. Tablets for implantation (pellets)
A small tablet that is prepared for insertion under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin which is stitched after the insertion of tablets. The tablet must be sterile one.
Contraceptive tablets are formulated as implant

9. 3. Powders
Powders are drugs or drug extracts that are dried and ground and converted into fine particles.
Advantage
Use both internally and externally
Good chemical stability as compared to fluids
Rapid onset of action
Easy to swallow even in large bulk, espacially mixed with drink food
Economic
Safe to children and elderly patients

10. Disadvantage Not suitable for drugs unstable in atmospheric condition
Not suitable for bitter, deliquescent and hygroscopic drug.
The dispensing of powder is time consuming.
Types of powder
1)Divided powder
2)Bulk powder
1)Divided powder: They are dispensed in form of individual doses and generally are dispensed in papers, metal foil and heat sealed plastic bags and other containers.

11. 2. Bulk powder
Oral powder: They are intended to be suspended or dissolve in water or mixed with foods e.g. Antacid and laxatives
Dentifrices: They contain soap or detergent, mild abrasive and anticariogenic agent
Dusting powder: They are locally applying non toxic preparation that is intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as an antiseptic. They may be formulated for nasal, optic and vaginal use.
Insufflations: They are introduced in body cavity such as ear ,nose, throat, tooth socket.Insuffaltor is used to administer these products.

12. Liquid dosage form Liquid dosage forms are prepared:
(1) By dissolving the active drug substance(s) in an aqueous or no aqueous (e.g. alcohol, ether,
glycerin) solvent.
(2) By suspensing the drug in appropriate medium.
(3) by incorporating the drug substance into an oil or water phases.

13. Orally (p.o.) - oral suspension and solution Parenterally -
Liquid dosage forms can be administered:
Topically - lotions or suspension applied to the skin, eye drops, nasal drops, ear drops
Orally (p.o.) - oral suspension and solution
Parenterally -
subcutaneous injection (s.c.),
intramuscular injection (i.m.)
and intravenous administration (i.v.)

14. Solution
Solutions are prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid drug in distilled water Solutions are intended for topical, oral, and parenteral administration. Solutions for local administration usually called lotions.

15. Suspension
A suspension consists of a dispersion of relatively coarse particles, usually in aqueous vehicle. Suspensions may be used for oral and topical administration. Like solutions, oral suspensions are useful in children and patients who cannot tolerate a solid dosage form.

16. Drops
Drops are solutions, tinctures or mixtures of high-potent drug substances
Drops are prescribed in small quantity (10-30 g)
Drops are intended to be administered orally or externally(as eye drops, nasal drops and ear drops).
eye drops (collyrium): Timolol
nasal (nose) drops: Olynth 0,1%
ear drops: Furotalgin

17. Emulsions
Emulsions are two-phase systems consist of liquid drug substances.
They are classified as:
oil-in-water emulsion (O/W)
water- in-oil emulsion (W/O)
Emulsions can be administered
as topically, orally, and I.M.

18. Injection
Injection is an infusion method of putting drug into the body with syringe or needle.
It is usually administrated by parental route.
It shows rapid action and may be used for unconscious or uncooperative patients.

19. Semisolid dosage forms
Semisolid dosage forms are products of semisolid consistency and applied to skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic or protective action or cosmetic function.

20. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: a)Smooth texture b) Elegant in appearance c) Non dehydrating d) Non greasy e) Non hygroscopic f) Non irritating g) Do not alter membrane / skin functioning

21. OINTMENTS
They are composed of fluid hydrocarbon meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbon, e.g. pertrolatum. According the place of application they are: 1) unguentum dermaticum 2) unguentum ophthalmicum 3) unguentum nasale

22. Creams
These are either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions and contain preservatives to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. Easier to spread & remove.
The commonest preservatives are parabens
Oil-in-water emulsions rub into the skin and are easily washed off
Water-in-oil emulsions are greasier

23. Gels Gels are semi-colloids which liquefy on contact with the skin
Gels are transparent or translucent non-greasy semisolid gels .
Gels are a common form for acne preparations (e. g. Acnederm)
They are used as lubricant.

24. Pastes semisolid preparations that contain a Larger Amount of Solids compared to ointments
Stiffer than ointments, remain in place after application & can absorb serious secretions
Zinc oxide paste, contains 25% ZnO in starch & white petrolatum, product is firm & can protect skin & absorb secretion
Pastes