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Age of Religious Wars Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?

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1 Age of Religious Wars Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?

2 Protestants vs. Catholics
Reformation caused a series of wars. Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. Wars are both national and international conflicts. 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius religio 1563: Council of Trent ended 1564: Calvin dies in Geneva

3 Religion into Political Structure
Catholics – stressed the episcopal church system where obedience to the person at the top was emphasized. Calvinists – adopted a presbyterian church system where local churches maintained individual control.

4 Cultural Developments
Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy. Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits. Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant Peter Paul Rubens: Rembrandt van Rijn:

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15 Intellectual Developments
Skepticism, Relativism, & Individualism “To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man” Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.

16 French Wars of Religion
French Protestants- Huguenots Edict of Fontainebleu 1540 Edict of Chateaubriand 1551 For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants.

17 Internal Conflicts Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace. Francis II becomes KING. Families vie for power: - Bourbons - Montmorency-Chatillons - Guises

18 Catherine de Medicis Ascends to power, as the regency of her son, Francis II and then Charles IX Guise sympathies War with the Huguenots Machiavellian

19 Factors of War Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots. 1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were killed.

20 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

21 A Nominal Peace In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power. A true politique Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.

22 Henry IV 1589-1610 Bourbon Dynasty
A true politique who ended the Wars of Religion in France Treaty of Vervins Assassinated in by a Catholic Monk

23 Pillars of Spanish Power
Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler Extremely Catholic Wealth and Power come from the New World. Wanted complete control over Europe

24 Philip II: 1556-1598 New World Riches Increased Population
Silver and Gold Increased Population Subjugated Poor Efficient Bureaucracy Controlled Lesser Nobles Supremacy in the Mediterranean

25 The Netherlands Philip’s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the Netherlands His efforts, however, were to no avail 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlands

26 Protestant Opposition
William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip II. Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.

27 Duke of Alba Arrives in Rotterdam 1567 10,000 soldiers Reign of Terror
“Tenth Penny” - Sales Tax

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29 Resistance & Unification
William of Orange joined forces with “Sea Beggars” In 1572, capture the city of Brill Pacification of Ghent: Splits the Netherlands. - North: Protestant - South: Catholic

30 Towards Independence Union of Arras: supported the Counter- Reformation -> Trent Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism. Wm of Orange declares Independence from Spain He was assassinated! Independence not recognized until 1648

31 England’s Religious Wars
Mary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism Married to Philip II – her cousin “Bloody Mary” killed thousands of Protestants Died supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the Regent

32 Thomas Cranmer’s Execution

33 Elizabeth I: 1558-1603 A true politique Political unity in England
Re-established the Church of England Never marries

34 Internal Problems Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England.
Elizabeth sought the middle road Protestants split in England: - Presbyterians - Congregationalists

35 External Problems Problems stem from Spain
Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern Europe Treaty of Nonsuch executes Mary Scots

36 Tilbury Speech

37 Spanish Armada: 1588

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39 Political or Religious ?
The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most destructive wars of religion. It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity. BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade?

40 Religious Divisions Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE. Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick III

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42 Four Periods of War Bohemian - 1618-1625 Danish - 1625-1629
Swedish Swedish-French

43 Bohemian Period Ferdinand II a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in 1618. May Defenestration of Prague Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine. Ferdinand II finds allies in Spain and the Catholic Holy League.

44 Danish Period King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals. The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary. Edict of Restitution 1629

45 Swedish Period Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland. Backed by the French and the Dutch Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand

46 Swedish-French Period
French moved directly into the war. The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German population being wiped out. Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region.

47 Treaty of Westphalia Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document, but what exactly does it establish? How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era?

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49 Interpretations What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Years’ War? - Religion - Politics - Greed

50 Next Week Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17th century and define what differences were in the two distinct formations. Focus on ONE: either England’s Path to Constitutionalism or France’s Success in Absolutism.

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