1. Verbs are listed in a dictionary like this
* present infinitive perfect (past) perfect( past) participle
amo, amāre, amavi, amatus
I love, to love, loved, loved
* these are called the 4 principal parts of a verb

2. PRESENT TENSE How to make it? TAKE the 2nd PRINCIPAL PART- INFINITIVE
take off the RE ending
add the personal endings: -O, -S, -T, -MUS, -TIS, -NT

3. Each conjugation family will have a different stem
Conjugations Stems
1st AMĀRE AMĀ-
2nd TENĒRE TENĒ-
3rd SCRIBĔRE SCRIB-
4th DORMĪRE DORMĪ-
THIS STEM IS CALLED- THE PRESENT STEM

4. PRESENT TENSE OF 4 CONJUGATIONS
1st AMĀ –RE
+ add the personal endings

5. Singular Plural 1st -o/m -mus 2nd -s -tis 3rd -t -nt Verb Endings
(ego)
-mus
(we)
2nd -s
(tu)
-tis
(you all)
3rd -t
(he/she/it)
-nt
(they)

6. AMĀ-RE
Singular
Plural
1st
amo
amamus
2nd
amas
amatis
3rd
amat
amant

7. Singular Plural 1st teneo tenemus 2nd tenes tenetis 3rd tenet tenent
2nd TENĒ-RE
Singular
Plural
1st
teneo
tenemus
2nd
tenes
tenetis
3rd
tenet
tenent

8. Singular Plural 1st scribo 2nd scrib-i-s scrib-i-tis 3rd scrib-i-t
3rd SCRIBĔ-RE
Singular
Plural
1st
scribo
scrib-i-mus
2nd
scrib-i-s
scrib-i-tis
3rd
scrib-i-t
scrib-u-nt

9. Singular Plural 1st dormio dormimus 2nd dormis dormitis 3rd dormit
4th DORMĪ-RE
Singular
Plural
1st
dormio
dormimus
2nd
dormis
dormitis
3rd
dormit
dormiunt

10. IMPERFECT TENSE
It is formed from the same stem as present tense:
PRESENT STEM + BA+ PERSONAL ENDINGS

11. Examples: 1st conjugation: ama+ba+m, ama+ba+s, ama+ba+t…etc.
2ndconjugation: tene+ba+m, tene+ba+s, tene+ba+t…etc.
3rd conjugation: scrib-e+ba+m, scrib-e+ba+s, scrib-e+ba+t..etc
4th conjugation: dormi-e+ba+m, dormi-e+ba+s, dormi-e+ba+t..
If you noticed the 3rd and 4th conjugation inserted an e between the stem and ba tense indicator

12. The 3rd principal part of a verb perfect (past)
amav-i
stem ending

13. Possible stems endings on: – s, u, v, x, long vowel, reduplication
scribo, scribĕre, scripsi ostendo, ostendĕre, ostendī
teneo, tenēre, tenui do, dāre, dedi
amo, amāre, amavi curro, currĕre, cucurri
dormio, dormīre, dormivi
traho, trahĕre, traxi

14. Perfect tense endings – i I 1. –imus we - isti you 2. – istis you all
SINGULAR PLURAL
– i I –imus we
- isti you – istis you all
- it he, she, it – ĕrunt they

15. Conclusion: We learned 2 stems in LATIN
PRESENT stem PERFECT stem
(found in INFINITIVE- 2nd principal part) (3rd principal part)
makes makes
present tense imperfect tense perfect tense