1. Financial Management: Principles & Applications
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 8
Risk and Return—Capital Market Theory
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. Learning Objectives
Calculate the expected rate of return and volatility for a portfolio of investments and describe how diversification affects the returns to a portfolio of investments.
Understand the concept of systematic risk for an individual investment and calculate portfolio systematic risk (beta).
Estimate an investor’s required rate of return using the Capital Asset Pricing Model.

3. Principles Applied in This Chapter
Principle 2: There is a Risk-Return Tradeoff.
Principle 4: Market Prices Reflect Information.

4. 8.1 PORTFOLIO RETURNS AND PORTFOLIO RISK

5. Portfolio Returns and Portfolio Risk
With appropriate diversification, you can lower the risk of your portfolio without lowering it’s expected rate of return.
Those risks that can be eliminated by diversification are not necessarily rewarded in the financial marketplace.

6. Calculating the Expected Return of a Portfolio (1 of 2)
To calculate a portfolio’s expected rate of return, we weight each individual investment’s expected rate of return using the fraction of the portfolio that is invested in each investment.

7. Calculating the Expected Return of a Portfolio (2 of 2)
E(rportfolio) = the expected rate of return on a portfolio of n assets. Wi = the portfolio weight for asset i. E(ri ) = the expected rate of return earned by asset i. W1 × E(r1) = the contribution of asset 1 to the portfolio expected return.

8. CHECKPOINT 8.1: CHECK YOURSELF
Calculating a Portfolio’s Expected Rate of Return
Evaluate the expected return for Penny’s portfolio where she places a quarter of her money in Treasury bills, half in Starbucks stock, and the remainder in Emerson Electric stock.

9. Step 1: Picture the Problem

10. Step 2: Decide on a Solution Strategy (1 of 2)
The portfolio expected rate of return is simply a weighted average of the expected rates of return of the investments in the portfolio.
We can use equation 8-1 to calculate the expected rate of return for Penny’s portfolio.

11. Step 2: Decide on a Solution Strategy (2 of 2)
We have to fill in the third column (Product) to calculate the weighted average.
Portfolio
E(Return)
X Weight
= Product
Treasury bills
4.0%
.25
Blank
EMR stock
8.0%
SBUX stock
12.0%
.50
We can also use equation 8-1 to solve the problem.

12. Step 3: Solve (1 of 2)
E(rportfolio) = .25 × × × .12 = .09 or 9%

13. Expected Return on Portfolio
Step 3: Solve (2 of 2)
Alternatively, we can fill out the following table from step 2 to get the same result.
Portfolio
E(Return)
X Weight
= Product
Treasury bills
4.0%
.25 1%
EMR stock
8.0% 2%
SBUX stock
12.0%
.50 6%
Expected Return on Portfolio
Blank 9%

14. Step 4: Analyze
The expected return is 9% for a portfolio composed of 25% each in treasury bills and Emerson Electric stock and 50% in Starbucks.
If we change the percentage invested in each asset, it will result in a change in the expected return for the portfolio.

15. Evaluating Portfolio Risk: Portfolio Diversification
The effect of reducing risks by including a large number of investments in a portfolio is called diversification.
The diversification gains achieved will depend on the degree of correlation among the investments, measured by correlation coefficient.

16. Portfolio Diversification
The correlation coefficient can range from −1.0 (perfect negative correlation), meaning that two variables move in perfectly opposite directions to (perfect positive correlation). Lower the correlation, greater will be the diversification benefits.

17. Diversification Lessons
A portfolio can be less risky than the average risk of its individual investments.
The key to reducing risk through diversification is to combine investments whose returns are not perfectly positively correlated.

18. Calculating the Standard Deviation of a Portfolio’s Returns
Important Definitions and Concepts:
• Portfolio = the standard deviation in portfolio returns.
• W1, W2, and W3 = the proportions of the portfolio that are invested in assets 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
• 1,  2, and  3 = the standard deviations in the rates of return earned by assets 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
• i, j = the correlation between the rates of return earned by assets i and j. The symbol 1, 2 (pronounced “rho”) represents correlation between the rates of return for asset 1 and asset 2.

20. Figure 8-1 Diversification and the Correlation Coefficient—Apple and Coca—Cola (1 of 2)

21. Figure 8-1 Diversification and the Correlation Coefficient—Apple and Coca—Cola (2 of 2)
Legend:
Correlation
Expected Return
Standard Deviation
−1.00
0.14 0%
−0.80 6%
−0.60 9%
−0.40
11%
−0.20
13%
0.0
14%
0.20
15%
0.40
17%
0.60
18%
0.80
19%
1.00
20%
All portfolios are comprised of equal investments in Apple and Coca-Cola shares.

22. The Impact of Correlation Coefficient on the Risk of the Portfolio
We observe (from figure 8.1) that lower the correlation, greater is the benefit of diversification.
Correlation between investment returns
Diversification Benefits +1
No benefit
0.0
Substantial benefit −1
Maximum benefit. Indeed, the risk of portfolio can be reduced to zero.

23. CHECKPOINT 8.2: CHECK YOURSELF
Evaluating a Portfolio’s Risk and Return
Evaluate the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio of the S&P500 index fund and the international fund where the correlation is estimated to be .20 and Sarah still places half of her money in each of the funds.

24. Step 1: Picture the Problem
Sarah can visualize the expected return, standard deviation and weights as shown below, with the need to determine the numbers for the empty boxes.
Investment Fund
Expected Return
Standard Deviation
Investment Weight
S&P500 fund
12%
20%
50%
International Fund
14%
30%
Portfolio
Blank
100%

25. Step 2: Decide on a Solution Strategy
The portfolio expected return is a simple weighted average of the expected rates of return of the two investments given by equation 8-1.
The standard deviation of the portfolio can be calculated using equation 8-2. We are given the correlation to be equal to 0.20.

26. Step 3: Solve (1 of 2)
E(rportfolio) = WS&P500 E(rS&P500) + WInternational E(rInternational) = .5 (12) + .5(14) = 13%

27. Step 3: Solve (2 of 2)
Standard deviation of Portfolio = √ { (.52x.22)+(.52x.32)+(2x.5x.5x.20x.2x.3)} = √ {.0385} = or 19.62%

28. Step 4: Analyze
A simple weighted average of the standard deviation of the two funds would have resulted in a standard deviation of 25% (20 x x .5) for the portfolio.
However, the standard deviation of the portfolio is less than 25% (19.62%) because of the diversification benefits (with correlation being less than 1).

29. Risk and Return of a 3 Assets Portfolio

30. 8.2 SYSTEMATIC RISK AND THE MARKET PORTFOLIO

31. Systematic Risk and Market Portfolio (1 of 3)
CAPM theory assumes that investors chose to hold the optimally diversified portfolio that includes all of the economy’s assets (referred to as the market portfolio). According to the CAPM, the relevant risk of an investment is determined by how it contributes to the risk of this market portfolio.

32. Systematic Risk and Market Portfolio (2 of 3)
To understand how an investment contributes to the risk of the portfolio, we categorize the risks of the individual investments into two categories:
Systematic risk, and
Unsystematic risk

33. Systematic Risk and Market Portfolio (3 of 3)
The systematic risk component measures the contribution of the investment to the risk of the market portfolio. For example: War, recession.
The unsystematic risk is the element of risk that does not contribute to the risk of the market and is diversified away. For example: Product recall, labor strike, change of management.

34. Diversification and Unsystematic Risk
Figure 8-2 illustrates that, as the number of securities in a portfolio increases, the contribution of the unsystematic risk to the standard deviation of the portfolio declines while the systematic risk is not reduced. Thus large portfolios will not be affected by unsystematic risk.

35. Figure 8.2 Portfolio Risk and the Number of Investments in the Portfolio

36. Systematic Risk and Beta
Systematic risk is measured by beta coefficient, which estimates the extent to which a particular investment’s returns vary with the returns on the market portfolio. In practice, it is estimated as the slope of a straight line (see figure 8-3).

37. Figure 8.3 Estimating Home Depot’s (HD) Beta Coefficient (1 of 2)

38. Figure 8.3 Estimating Home Depot’s (HD) Beta Coefficient (2 of 2)
Observation
Date
S&P 500 Return
Home Depot Stock Return 1
Nov-10
−0.23%
−1.47% 2
Dec-10
6.53%
16.05% 3
Jan-11
2.26%
4.88% 4
Feb-11
3.90%
1.90% 5
Mar-11
−0.10%
−0.43% 6
Apr-11
2.85%
0.24% 7
May-12
−1.35%
−2.34% 8
Jun-12
−1.83%
0.52% 9
Jul-12
−2.15%
−3.56% 10
Aug-12
−5.68%
−3.72% 11
Sep-12
−7.18%
−1.53% 12
Oct-12
10.77%
8.91%

39. Table 8.1 Beta Coefficients for Selected Companies
Company
Yahoo Finance
(Yahoo.com)
Microsoft Money
Central (MSN.com)
Computers and Software
Blank
Apple Inc. (AAPL)
2.90
2.58
Hewlett Packard (HPQ)
1.27
1.47
Utilities
American Electric Power Co. (AEP)
0.74
0.73
Duke Energy Corp. (DUK)
0.40
0.56
Centerpoint Energy (CNP)
0.82
0.91

40. Beta
Table 8-1 illustrates the wide variation in Betas for various companies. Utilities companies can be considered less risky because of their lower betas. For example, based on the beta estimates, a 1% drop in market could lead to a .74% drop in AEP but a much greater 2.9% drop in AAPL.

41. Calculating Portfolio Beta (1 of 2)
The portfolio beta measures the systematic risk of the portfolio.

42. Calculating Portfolio Beta (2 of 2)
Example Consider a portfolio that is comprised of four investments with betas equal to 1.50, 0.75, 1.80 and 0.60 respectively. If you invest equal amount in each investment, what will be the beta for the portfolio? = .25(1.50) + .25(0.75) + .25(1.80) (0.60) = 1.16

43. 8.3 THE SECURITY MARKET LINE AND THE CAPM

44. The Security Market Line and the CAPM (1 of 3)
CAPM describes how the betas relate to the expected rates of return. The key insight of CAPM is that investors will require a higher rate of return on investments with higher betas.
Figure 8-4 provides the expected returns and betas for portfolios comprised of market portfolio and risk-free asset.

45. Figure 8.4 Risk and Return for Portfolios Containing the Market and the Risk—Free Security (2 of 2)
Legend:
Blank
% Market Portfolio, WM
% Risk-Free
Asset, Wrf
Portfolio Beta,
βPortfolio
Expected Portfolio
Return, E(rPortfolio) 0%
100%
0.0
6.0%
20%
80%
0.2
7.0%
40%
60%
0.4
8.0%
0.6
9.0%
0.8
10.0%
1.0
11.0%
120%
−20%
1.2
12.0%

46. Figure 8.4 Risk and Return for Portfolios Containing the Market and the Risk—Free Security (1 of 2)

47. The Security Market Line and the CAPM (2 of 3)
CAPM describes how the betas relate to the expected rates of return. The key insight of CAPM is that investors will require a higher rate of return on investments with higher betas.
Figure 8-4 provides the expected returns and betas for portfolios comprised of market portfolio and risk-free asset.

48. The Security Market Line and the CAPM (3 of 3)
SML is a graphical representation of the CAPM. SML can be expressed as the following equation, which is often referred to as the CAPM pricing equation:

49. Using the CAPM to Estimate the Expected Rate of Return
Equation 8-6 implies that higher the systematic risk of an investment, other things remaining the same, the higher will be the expected rate of return an investor would require to invest in the asset.

50. CHECKPOINT 8.3: CHECK YOURSELF
Estimating the Expected Rate of Return Using the CAPM
Estimate the expected rates of return for the three utility companies, found in Table 8-1, using the 4.5% risk-free rate and market risk premium of 6%.

51. Step 1: Picture the Problem (1 of 2)

52. Step 1: Picture the Problem (2 of 2)
The graph shows that as beta increases, the expected return also increases. When beta = 0, the expected return is equal to the risk free rate of 4.5%.

53. Step 2: Decide on a Solution Strategy
We can determine the required rate of return by using CAPM equation 8-6. The betas for the three utilities companies (Yahoo Finance estimates) are: AEP = 0.74, DUK = 0.40, CNP = 0.82

54. Step 3: Solve (1 of 2) Exp. Return (AEP) = 4.5% + 0.74(6) = 8.94%
Exp. Return (DUK) = 4.5% (6) = 6.9%
Exp. Return (CNP) = 4.5% (6) = 9.42%

55. Step 3: Solve (2 of 2) Blank Beta Yahoo MSN E(r ) Yahoo
Apple Inc. (APPL)
2.90
2.58
21.90%
19.98%
Hewlett Packard (HPQ)
1.27
1.47
12.12%
13.32%

56. Step 4: Analyze
The expected rates of return on the stocks vary depending on their beta. Higher the beta, higher is the expected return.

57. Key Terms (1 of 2) Beta coefficient Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
Correlation coefficient
Diversification
Diversifiable risk
Market portfolio
Market risk premium

58. Key Terms (2 of 2) Non-diversifiable risk Portfolio beta
Security market line
Systematic risk
Unsystematic risk

59. Practice Questions

66. Computers and Software
Table 8.1 Beta Coefficients for Selected Companies
Company
Yahoo Finance
(Yahoo.com)
Microsoft Money
Central (MSN.com)
Computers and Software
Blank
Apple Inc. (AAPL)
2.90
2.58
Hewlett Packard (HPQ)
1.27
1.47
Utilities
American Electric Power Co. (AEP)
0.74
0.73
Duke Energy Corp. (DUK)
0.40
0.56
Centerpoint Energy (CNP)
0.82
0.91

72. Copyright