1. Nonindicative Verbs
Moods
Middle Voice

2. Moods Indicative Reality Subjunctive
Probability, possibility (“may, might, if”)
Imperative
Command
Infinitive
Verbal nouns (“to”)
Participle
Verbal adjectives (“ing”)

3. Tense and Time Present present anything Future future undefined Past
English
Greek
Time
Aspect
Present
present
anything
Future
future
undefined
Past
Imperfect
past
continuous
Aorist
Past perfect
Perfect
past perfective
perfective

4. Aspect
Present → continuous
Aorist → undefined
Perfective → completed/ongoing

5. Moods Indicative Reality Subjunctive
Probability, possibility (“may, might, if”)
Imperative
Command
Infinitive
Verbal nouns (“to”)
Participle
Verbal adjectives (“ing”)

6. Subjunctive: Purpose Mark 3:14
“And he appointed twelve (whom he also named apostles) so that they might be with him (ὦσιν) and so that he might send them out to preach (ἀποστέλλῃ).”

7. Subjunctive: Conditional
Matt 8:2
“Lord, if (ἐάν) you are willing (θέλῃς), you can make me clean.”

8. Moods Indicative Reality Subjunctive
Probability, possibility (“may, might, if”)
Imperative
Command
Infinitive
Verbal nouns (“to”)
Participle
Verbal adjectives (“ing”)

9. Imperative: Command Matt 3:2
“Repent (μετανοεῖτε), for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.”

10. Imperative (3rd Person)
Matt 11:5
“He who has ears, let him hear (ἀκουέτω)!”

11. Imperative: Continuous
1 Pet 4:13
“to the degree that you share the sufferings of Christ, keep on rejoicing (χαίρετε)” (NASB).
“rejoice inasmuch as you participate in the sufferings of Christ” (NIV).

12. Moods Indicative Reality Subjunctive
Probability, possibility (“may, might, if”)
Imperative
Command
Infinitive
Verbal nouns (“to”)
Participle
Verbal adjectives (“ing”)

13. Infinitive: Complementary
Mark 2:10
“The Son of Man has (ἔχει) authority on the earth to forgive (ἀφιέναι) sins.”

14. Moods Indicative Reality Subjunctive
Probability, possibility (“may, might, if”)
Imperative
Command
Infinitive
Verbal nouns (“to”)
Participle
Verbal adjectives (“ing”)

15. Participle: Adverbial
Matt 1:24
“When Joseph arose (ἐγερθεὶς) from sleep, he did (ἐποίησεν) what the angel of the Lord had told him, and he took her as his wife.”

16. Participle: Attributive
Matt 3:10
“Any tree (δένδρον) that does not bear (ποιοῦν) good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.”

17. Participle: Substantive
Matt 7:8
“Everyone who asks (ὁ αἰτῶν) receives, and everyone who seeks (ὁ ζητῶν) finds, and for everyone who knocks (τῷ κρούοντι) it will be opened.”

18. Voice Active Subject does Middle Subject affectedness Passive
Subject receives
“by”

19. Middle and Mouse-Overs
Sounds active to us (“God chose us” in Eph 2)
Same form as passive (present, imperfect, perfect)
Distinct from passive (future, aorist)
Deponent (middle/passive)

20. Sounds Active to Us Eph 1:3–4
“Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ, even as he chose (ἐξελέξατο) us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless before him.”

21. Middle and Passive Forms
Present, imperfect, perfect → same
Future, aorist → distinct

22. Contextually Active Matt 3:1
“In those days John the Baptist began (παραγίνεται) his mission in the wilderness of Judea.”

23. Contextually Passive Matt 3:10
“Any tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down (ἐκκόπτεται) and thrown (βάλλεται) into the fire.”

24. Participle
Adverbial
Adjectival
Attributive
Substantival

25. ἀκούω

26. ἀποκρίνομαι

27. γινώσκω

28. δύναμαι

29. θέλω

30. ἰδού

31. λαλέω

32. λαμβάνω

33. οἶδα

34. πιστεύω