1. Crime & Law

2. Crime: a violation of a statute in which there is a concurrence of criminal intent and a criminal act
With exceptions, every crime has THREE (3) elements
Law: a system of rules enacted by a country to regulate how it’s institutions and citizens act
Definitions

3. Elements of Crime Criminal Act Criminal Intent Concurrence Causation
Harm
Attendant Circumstances
Elements of Crime

4. Most crimes must have at least three elements: criminal act, criminal intent, and concurrence of the two.
Ex: Sarah and Evan get in a fight. As a result, Sarah runs to her car, starts the engine, and tries to run Evan over. He manages to get out of the way, and as a result, Evan is not hurt. Sarah is still charged with attempted assault/murder.
Identify criminal act, intent, and concurrence in the above scenario.
No causation or harm because technically, no one was hurt, but Megan can still be charged for committing a crime. Some crimes require causation and harm. For example, Megan cannot be charged with murder in this case, because there is not dead body. But she could be charged with ATTEMPTED murder.
Elements of Crime cont.

5. Criminal intent, or mens rea, is a necessary component of most crimes.
If someone gets in an accident that results in a death, they cannot necessarily be charged with murder, but they could be charged with reckless driving or involuntary manslaughter depending on the details of the incident.
Criminal Intent

6. What about thoughts? Intent without action CANNOT BE CHARGED!
Thoughts are non-criminal unless they are followed up by criminal action.
Example: Mercedes is a housekeeper for Kelly, a wealthy woman with a lot of fancy jewelry. Mercedes fantasizes about rigging the gas line so that gas leaks into the house, killing Kelly in her sleep. She even writes down her plan with a date to enact it in her diary. When Mercedes leaves the house one day, her diary falls out of her bag, and Kelly finds it. She calls the police.
Can Mercedes be charged?
What about thoughts?

7. Criminal Act – also known as actus reus – can be defined as any “unlawful bodily movement”.
Voluntariness is REQUIRED for criminal act to take place
Typically, there can be no crime without criminal act
Exceptions include possession and omission
Criminal Act

8. Voluntariness – An Example
Ethan is hypnotized at a county fair. While under the influence of hypnosis, the hypnotist suggests that Ethan smash a banana cream pie in his girlfriend’s face. While in most cases, this would be considered battery (if reported), Ethan would not be charged.
Why?
What is the purpose of being charged and punished?
Voluntariness – An Example

9. Voluntary Act Followed by a Non-Voluntary Act
While involuntary acts cannot be charged, if they are preceded by an act that is voluntary, they can be.
Example: Drunk driving
Compare effectiveness of punishment between this scenario and the scenario on the previous slide.
Voluntary Act Followed by a Non-Voluntary Act

10. Possession: possession is passive, so it cannot be considered an act, but people can still be charged for being in possession of an illegal substance/object
Must be knowing
Omission to Act: if a person has a statutory or contractual obligation to act when a criminal act is taking place, they MUST, or risk facing charges of omission.
Exceptions to Action

11. Infraction – violation or infringement of a law or regulation
Usually punishable by a fine. In most states, these are not criminal offenses and are not punishable by incarceration.
Misdemeanor – a minor crime punishable with incarceration of one year or less
Public intoxication, prostitution, reckless driving, petty theft
Felony – a major crime, usually violent, punishable by more than one year in prison and/or death
Murder, grand theft, arson
Types of Crime

12. Major Crime - Terminology
Major Crime - a crime that is committed such as murder, rape, sexual molestation, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle or larceny theft, and/or any crime committed against the state; to include terrorism.
Mala in se – sinful or inherently wrong by nature, independent from regulations
Rape, murder, robbery, assault, & battery – universally wrong
Mala prohibita – conduct that is wrong/punishable because it is prohibited by statute
Drug abuse, drunk driving, gambling, public intoxication, parking in a handicap zone – determined by state
Major Crime - Terminology