1. Comparison of effortful and noneffortful swallows in healthy middle-aged and older adults 
Jacqueline A. Hind, MS, Mark A. Nicosia, PhD, Ellen B. Roecker, PhD, Molly L. Carnes, MD, JoAnne Robbins, PhD 
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 
Volume 82, Issue 12, Pages (December 2001)
DOI: /apmr
Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Bolus transit and biomechanic movement durations during regular swallows and effortful swallows. Durational measures shown were significantly longer with effortful swallows compared with regular swallows: pharyngeal response (p = .0001),16,18 hyoid maximum anterior excursion (p < .04),16,18,19 laryngeal vestibule closure (p < .0001),20 duration of UES opening (p = .0001),10,18 and total swallowing duration (p = .001).16,18
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Oral pressures as a function of age for effortful and regular swallows measured at the anterior bulb. Lines represent linear regression analyses for each condition. Oral pressures were significantly higher at the anterior bulb locations with the effortful swallow compared with the regular swallow (p < .0001). Although all ages showed significantly higher oral pressures with the effortful swallow, the younger subjects showed a greater increase than the older subjects (p < .01). The middle and posterior bulbs showed similar results.
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation  , DOI: ( /apmr )
Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions