1. 12
Prison Life

2. Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions
An enclosed facility separated from society, both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives
continued on next slide

3. Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions
Total institutions include prisons, concentration camps, mental hospitals, seminaries, and other facilities in which residents are cut off from the larger society, either forcibly or willingly.
They develop their own distinctive values and styles of life and pressure residents to fulfill rigidly prescribed behavioral roles.

4. The Male Inmate's World Prison Subculture
The values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates
continued on next slide

5. The Male Inmate's World
Two social realities coexist in prison settings.
The official structure of rules and procedures put in place by the wider society and enforced by the prison staff
The more informal (but decidedly more powerful) inmate world
continued on next slide

6. The Male Inmate's World Prisonization
The process whereby newly institutionalized offenders come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values

7. The Functions of Prison Subcultures
According to some, prison subcultures are fundamentally an adaptation to deprivation and confinement.
Prisoners are deprived of:
Liberty
Goods and services
Heterosexual relationships
Autonomy
Personal security
continued on next slide

8. The Functions of Prison Subcultures
Importation model
Inmates bring with them values, roles, and behavior patterns from the outside world.
The social structure of the prison is another element that shapes prison subculture.

9. Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison
Most sexual aggressors do not consider themselves homosexuals.
Sexual release is not the primary motivation for sexual attack.
continued on next slide

10. Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison
Many aggressors must continue to participate in gang rapes to avoid becoming victims themselves.
The aggressors have themselves suffered damage to their masculinity in the past.

11. The Female Inmate's World
Women account for 7% of all prison inmates.
More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers in prison, primarily due to remote locations.
continued on next slide

12. The Female Inmate's World
Profile based on national data for female offenders:
Disproportionately women of color
In their early to middle 30s
Most likely to have been convicted of a drug-related offense
Survivors of physical and/or sexual abuse as children and adults
continued on next slide

13. The Female Inmate's World
Women's most common pathways to crime involve survival strategies that result from physical and sexual abuse, poverty, and substance abuse.
80% of women entering prison are mothers.
continued on next slide

14. The Female Inmate's World
85% of those women had custody of their children.
2/3 of incarcerated women had minor children.

15. Gender Responsiveness
NIC report recommendations
The creation of an effective system for female offenders that is structured differently from a system for male offenders
The development of gender-responsive policies and practices
continued on next slide

16. Gender Responsiveness
NIC report recommendations
The modification of the criminal justice sanctions to recognize the low risk to public safety represented by the typical female offender

17. Social Structure in Women's Prisons
Female prisoners are likely to be black or Hispanic, poor, uneducated, abuse survivors, single parents, and in poor health.
Female inmates construct organized pseudofamilies.
continued on next slide

18. Social Structure in Women's Prisons
Suffer intensely from the loss of affectional relationships
Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates
continued on next slide

19. Social Structure in Women's Prisons
Recently, the social structure has been altered by "crack kids".
Streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values, for their elders, or even their own children

20. Types of Female Inmates
Square
Had few early experiences with criminal lifestyles
Tended to sympathize with the values and attitudes of conventional society
continued on next slide

21. Types of Female Inmates
Cool
More likely to be career offenders
Tended to keep to themselves and supported inmate values
Life
Familiar with lives of crime

22. Violence in Women's Prisons
Task Force on the Female Offender recommendations
Substance abuse programs
Need to acquire greater literacy skills
Develop programs for keeping children in the facility

23. The Staff World
Approximately 748,000 people are employed in corrections.
Women account for 20% of all corrections officers.
Corrections officers undergo a socialization process.
Formative influence on staff culture is the potential threat that inmates pose.

24. Prison Riots Causes of riots
Insensitive prison administration and neglect of inmates' demands
Dehumanizing prison conditions
Regulation of inmate society and redistribution of power balances among inmate groups
continued on next slide

25. Prison Riots Security Threat Groups (STG)
An inmate group, gang, or organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public, who prey on other inmates, or who threaten the secure and orderly operation of a correctional institution
continued on next slide

26. Prison Riots
Real reasons for riots are probably specific to the institution.
May not allow for generalizations
The growth of a revolutionary prisoner subculture

27. Prisoners' Rights Hands-off Doctrine Civil Death
A policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management that U. S. courts tended to follow until the late 1960s
Civil Death
The legal status of prisoners in some jurisdictions who are denied the opportunity to vote, hold public office, marry, or enter into contracts

28. The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights
Balancing Test
A principle that attempts to weigh the rights of an individual against the authority of states to make laws or to otherwise restrict a person's freedom in order to protect the state's interest and its citizens
Conditional rights rather than absolute rights

29. Grievance Procedures Grievance Procedure
A formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby institutionalized individuals have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement

30. A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?
Deliberate Indifference
A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates

31. Issues Facing Prisons Today
Geriatric Offenders
Crimes that are committed by the elderly, especially violent crimes, are on the decline
continued on next slide

32. Issues Facing Prisons Today
Inmates with Mental Illness and Intellectual Disabilities
Another group with special needs
Some are neurotic of have personality problems, which causes tension in prison.
continued on next slide

33. Issues Facing Prisons Today
Terrorism
Antiterrorism efforts play an important role in corrections, so personnel can prevent future attacks on American society and any crises in any correctional institution.