1. Low-GWP And Energy Efficient Technologies For Refrigeration And Air-conditioning
Radhey S. Agarwal
Member, OORG
Former, Dean Industrial Research & Development
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
THIRD ANNUAL CO3OL WORKSHOP
WORLD BANK GROUP
WASHINGTON D C
December 5-6, 2016

2. Ozone Layer and Climate Protection
Montreal Protocol Successfully Phasing out ODS since, 1987
Kigali Amendment for Phase-down of HFCs, 2016
Ozone Layer
Protection
Climate System
Protection
All 197 countries of the world are working together to phase out
ODSs
A dedicated Effort to reduce GHG emissions through Phase-down of HFCs

3. Role of HVAC & R and Energy Efficiency
Controlled environment improves working & living conditions and productivity. Development of cold chain would reduce food wastage.
Air-conditioning system consumes as high as 60% of energy used in any buildings especially in tropical climates;
Energy Efficiency of HVAC systems has been becoming important globally. Several developing countries have put in place Energy Efficiency regulations;
There is Increased emphasis on enhancement of energy efficiency of HVAC & R systems and optimal utilization of energy resources;
Kigali Amendment for phase-down of HFCs also recognizes the importance of Energy Efficiency but in a limited way.

4. Air-conditioning Sector
Air-conditioning Include the following :
ACs < 3TR cooling capacity
Split ACs
Window ACs
Floor mounted units
Cassettes
Unitary AC Units: > 3 TR
Ducted & Packaged units Capacity ranging 3TR- 20 TR

5. Air-conditioning Sector
Air-conditioning Include the following : (Cont.)
Chillers- Air cooled & Water Cooled
Scroll chillers – 5 TR to 120 TR
Screw Chillers – 70TR to 450 TR
Centrifugal Chillers – 250TR to more than 1000 TR
Variable Refrigerant Flows (VRFs)-
5TR to 60 TR (modular)

6. Performance of ACs Relative to Baseline (HCFC-22) at AHRI-A Conditions: 35°C Outdoor and 27°C Indoor (source ORNL study)

7. Performance of R-290/POE at Different Test Conditions (source ORNL study)

8. Performance of ACs Relative to Baseline (R-410A) at AHRI-A Conditions: 35°C Outdoor and 27°C Indoor (source ORNL study)

9. Performance of R-32 at Different Test Conditions (source: ORNL study)

10. Performance of DR-55 at Different Test Conditions (Source: ORNL Study)

11. Current and Future Potential Refrigerant for air-conditioning sector
Products
HCFC Refrigerant
HFC Refrigerant (GWP)
Potential Low-GWP Refrigerant
Room ACs
HCFC-22
R-410A (2100)
R-407C (1700)
- HFC-32 (675); A2L
- R-290 (3); A3
- R-452B (680); A2L
Ducted & Packaged AC
HCFC-22 (1810)
R-407C (1700)
- HFC-32(675) ; A2L
- R-452B(680) ; A2L
- R-444B (300) ; A2L
Scroll Chiller
R-407 C (1700)
HFC-32 ; A2L
- R-452B ; A2L
Screw Chiller
----
HFC-134a (1430)
- HFO-1234yf (< 1); A2L
- HFO-1234ze (<1) A2L
- R-513A (600) ; A1
Centrifugal Chiller
(Low Pressure Chillers)
HCFC-123 (79)
- HFO-1233zd (1) , A1
- HFO-1336mzz (2); A1
- HFO -1234yf (<1); A2L
- HFO- 1234ze (<1; A2L
VRF
------
- R-410A

12. Transitioning Trends: HCFC-22 to Low-GWP Alternatives
HFC-32/
R-452B
CFC-22
Low-GHG
R-290

13. Refrigeration Applications
Commercial Refrigeration Products
: Cold Rooms / Ware Houses
Display Cabinets
Food Industries
Commercial Chillers & Freezers
Display cabinets
Chest Coolers
Milk Cooling
Water dispensers
Transport :
Vegetables / Fruits
Dairy Products

14. Commercial Refrigeration :Temp. Range
Wide Range of Evaporating Temp. Comparet Air Conditioning
-40
-30
-20
-10
+10 °C
LBP
(MBP)
HBP
LBP (Low evaporating temperature) -25°C±10°C
MBP(Medium evaporating temperature) -10°C±10°C
HBP (High evaporating temperature) +5°C±10°C

15. Technical Options for Commercial Refrigeration
R-404A, R-507A and HFC-134a, R-407A and R-407F have been the commonly used and globally acceptable refrigerants as substitutes to HCFC-22 for commercial refrigeration, but these are not considered as long term solution due to their high-GWP;
There are HFO/HFC blends (A1 category) like R-448A (GWP=1300) and R-449A (GWP=1300) but these are also considered to be high GWP and are not considered for funding by the Ex-Com;
Other HFO/HFC blends with low-GWP are being developed but all will be flammable;
Alternatives to HCFC-22 and R-404A for commercial refrigeration are limited except ammonia, CO2 and hydrocarbons. It may be difficult to apply these in all conditions especially in densely populated areas

16. Direct and Indirect GHG Emissions from Room Air-conditioners
5~10% GHG emissions due to Refrigerant Leakage (Direct emissions)
90 ~ 95% Indirect GHG Emissions due to Energy Consumption
Enhancement of Energy Efficiency is the key to reduce GHG emissions 16
Source: Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.

17. Use of Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) to Enhance Energy Efficiency
VFD Controls speed of motors as per load requirement by varying the frequency of power supply;
Variation in speed, proportionately vary the cooling and power consumption.

18. Technologies for Energy Efficient Air-conditioners
Compressor with Inverter to reduce the energy consumption;
Adoption of optimally designed heat exchangers including lower diameter tube heat exchangers or micro (mini) channel heat exchangers. Use of 5 mm diameter internally grooved Cu tubes instead of 7mm especially for R-290 and HFC-32 systems;
Use of electronic expansion valve;
Use of variable speed fan motors;
Challenges ahead are to reduce the costs of components and the systems.

19. Example: Energy Efficiency Enhancement of RAC Sector in India: baseline 2010
Future Trends
Present
Room AC
Labelling
+ 30 %
Inverter
+ 20 to 25 %
Chillers
+ 20 to 25 %
Variable Speed
+ 10 to 15%
Commercial AC
Shift to VRF
+ 20 to 25 %
All Inverter
+ 10 %

20. The next generations HFC32 products by Daikin
HFC32 products in India
Source: Daikin
Cooling Capacity : 5.2kW
Compressor details : Rotary
Power Consumption : 1.53kW
load : 3.5
Cooling Capacity : 6.0kW Compressor details : Rotary
Power Consumption : 1.76kW
load : 3.5
The next generations HFC32 products by Daikin 20 20

21. R-290 Products in India Source: Godrej
Split ACs
AC Cooling Capacity : 3375W
Compressor: Rotary
Power Supply : 230/1/50 (V/Phase/Hz)
Power Input : 912W
EER : 3.7
Star Rating : 5 Star
AC Cooling Capacity : 5000W
Compressor : Rotary
Power Supply : 230/1/50 (V/Phase/Hz)
Power Input : 1325W
EER : 3.7
Star Rating : 5 Star

22. Residential sector stock, energy consumption, and emissions in India: Source-CEEW
Residential Air-­‐Conditioning: Stock, Electricity Consumption, and Emissions
600
Total stock (Million Units)
Carbon dioxide Emissions
(Million-­‐Tonnes CO2-­‐Eq)
(Million-­‐Tonnes CO2-­‐Eq)
HFC Emissions
400
500
Electricity consumption
(Billion KWh)
300
300
400
300
200
200
300
200
200
100
100
100
100
Total Stock HFC emissions Electricity consumption Carbon dioxide emissions
Residential Refrigeration: Stock, Electricity Consumption, and Emissions
100
400
350
300
250
200
150
100 50
Total stock (Million Units)
Carbon dioxide Emissions
(Million-­‐Tonnes CO2-­‐Eq)
(Million-­‐Tonnes CO2-­‐Eq)
HFC Emissions
Electricity consumption
(Billion KWh) 75 75
150 50 50
100 25 25 50
Total Stock
HFC emissions
Electricity consumption
Carbon dioxide emissions

23. Win- Win-Win Conditions
Encouragement through financial incentives and policy/regulatory driven replacement of existing high energy consuming HCFC-22 and R-410A AC units with Low-GWP energy efficient units;
It would result in triple wins: energy efficiency, ODS phase-out and reduce GHG emissions:
Early Development of low-GWP Energy Efficient Technologies;
ODS phase-out in servicing and;
Accelerated phase-down of HFCs especially in servicing;
Significant Reduction in GHG Emissions;
Pay pack may be order of 3 to 4 years depending energy costs.

24. Thank You for your Kind Attention