1. Cross-Cultural Psychology
Chapter 11
Social Interaction
What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.
Confucius (551–479 b.c.e.)—
Chinese Philosopher
Hell is others.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)—
French Novelist and Philosopher

2. Key Definitions
A group consists of two or more figures forming a complete unit in a composition. Groups to which we belong are called in-groups, and groups to which we do not belong are called out-groups.
When we join a group, we attain a status: a relative social position within a group that can be either formal or informal.
Norms are established by a group and indicate how members of that group should and should not behave, including manners, simple responses, and complex behaviors.
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3. Key Definitions
Social roles are sets of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform.
sanctions—certain actions reward those who follow the norms (positive sanctions) and reprove those who are deviant (negative sanctions).
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4. Embeddedness
Embeddedness or the degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed together. Cultures high on embeddedness focus on their own internal group solidarity, shared goals, way of life, and resist actions disrupting their in-group solidarity. People in embedded cultures are not particularly concerned for the well-being of those outside their groups. In practical terms, the more embedded the culture in a country, the less people should help strangers.
Most Embedded
Least Embedded
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5. Conformity is a form of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes and/or behavior to adhere to a group or social norm.
ASH experiment on conformity
Obedience is a form of conformity when a person simply follows orders given by others. Obedience to authority is defined as following orders given by an authority figure. This type of behavior is usually based on a belief that those with authority have the right to issue requests and give such orders.
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

6. Groupthink- tendency of group members to have agreement in the group-decision making process
Group Polarization- tendency of group members to shift as a result of group discussion toward more extreme positions than they previously held.

7. Social Loafing
Social loafing is the tendency of group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if they were working alone or when the size of the group is expanded.
Research conducted in China and Japan suggests that social loafing does not occur in the group behavior studied in these countries. In some cases, the opposite phenomenon appeared. It is called “social striving,” when a group enhances the individual performance of its members. It was found in some studies that people in the United States (“individualists”) manifested social loafing, whereas people in China (“collectivists”) tended to show the opposite pattern (social striving), performing better in pairs than alone. However, new studies are necessary.
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8. Cooperation and Competition
Competitive
Reward Conditions
In competitive reward conditions, a person gains when other members lose. The worse they are, the better you are. Almost all sport competitions are based on the competitive reward principle. The same situation occurs when several companies are competing for a contract and only one can win it. Competitive elections for any public office in the United States are also based on the win–lose principle. One may win not only by improving one’s record but also by “going negative,” that is, downgrading the accomplishments of the competitors.
Cooperative
Reward Conditions
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9. Cooperation and Competition
Competitive
Reward Conditions
In cooperative reward conditions, people’s rewards are positively linked. If one does poorly, the whole group may go down. The better each member does, the more chance the whole group has to win. A group of surgeons and nurses working in an operating room, a football team on the field, or automobiles on the freeway during rush hour all represent cooperative reward structures.
Cooperative
Reward Conditions
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

10. Cooperation and Competition
Cross-cultural studies show that U.S. citizens are among the most competitive people on earth. In business, according to the law, most government contracts to private firms must be awarded on a competitive basis.
Experiments also show that in general children from Western technological societies are less cooperative than children from Latin American, African, and Middle Eastern countries. Additionally, there is a cross-cultural tendency for children from urban areas to be more competitive than children from rural regions, and for middle-class children to compete more often than children from lower-class environments.
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e

11. Think of a Leader
Rate them on a scale of 1-5 (5 is the highest) based on the 5 different items below
Has an Idealized vision which is highly different from the status quo
Expert in using unconventional means to transcend the existing order
Strong articulation of future vision and motivation to lead
Uses means that are unconventional
Transforms other to share the radical changes advocated

12. Are there any psychological features that make
Cooperation and Competition
Leadership is the process through which some individuals (leaders) influence other group members toward attainment of specific group goals.
Who becomes a leader?
Are there any psychological features that make
Some people display their leadership potentials?