1. Pathophysiology of contrast medium–induced nephropathy
Pontus B. Persson, Peter Hansell, Per Liss 
Kidney International 
Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages (July 2005)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Osmolality and viscosity for I-concentration of 300mg/mL. Blood viscosity refers to prearteriolar values. Viscosity and osmolality values taken from information provided by the respective distributor. *In case of Iodixanol the viscosity value for 300mg I/mL was extrapolated from the values of the 150, 270, and 320mg I/mL solutions. The osmolality of Iodixanol is constant for all three concentrations.
Kidney International  , 14-22DOI: ( /j x)
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3. Figure 2
Medullary hypoxia induced by contrast media [ioxaglate (▪), iopromide (♦), and iotrolan (▾)] in comparison to Ringer's solution (▵). Reduction in pO2 is greatest for iotrolan (iso-osmolal nonionic dimer) followed by ioxaglate (low-osmolal ionic dimer). Iopromide (low-osmolal monomer) had the least effect of the contrast media (from Liss et al, 1998, with permission).
Kidney International  , 14-22DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Flow chart of mechanisms linking fluid osmolality to renal damage. GFR is glomerular filtration rate.
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Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Altered mitochondrial function in a proximal tubular cell line as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction (24-hour treatment). A comparison of the effects of various contrast media on MTT reduction reveal significant differences from one another. The least influence was found by the low-osmolar agents, followed by the iso-osmolar contrast media (Iodixanol). The ionic substances showed the greatest effect (from Hardieck et al, 2001, with permission).
Kidney International  , 14-22DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions